Transcript iGCSE Biology Section 5 lesson 3

IGCSE BIOLOGY
SECTION 5 LESSON 3
Content
Section 5
Uses of
biological
resources
a) Food production
b) Selective breeding
c) Genetic modification
(genetic engineering)
d) Cloning
Content
Lesson 3
d) Cloning
d) Cloning
5.17 describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in
which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using
nutrient media
5.18 understand how micropropagation can be used to produce
commercial quantities of identical plants (clones) with desirable
characteristics
5.19 describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals
involving the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell
into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly the sheep
5.20 evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals,
for example to produce commercial quantities of human
antibodies or organs for transplantation.
What is
cloning?
What is
cloning?
Cloning is the
production of
genetically identical
individuals
Examples of Clones
Examples of Clones
Examples of Clones
Examples of Clones
Strawberry runner
Strawberry runners (stolons) are horizontal
stems that run along the ground and produce
new clone plants at ‘nodes’ spaced at varying
intervals.
Strawberry runner
Internode
Clone
plant
Cuttings
Geranium
Cuttings
Geranium
Plant with desired
characteristics
Cuttings
Plant with desired
characteristics
Produce many copies
by taking stem, leaf or
root cuttings
Geranium
Cuttings
Plant with desired
characteristics
Produce many copies
by taking stem, leaf or
root cuttings
Geranium
Grow in
damp
atmosphere
until roots
develop
Tissue culture
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Shoot stimulating
hormone added
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Shoot stimulating
hormone added
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Root stimulating
hormone added
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Shoot stimulating
hormone added
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Root stimulating
hormone added
Many genetically
identical plantlets
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Micropropagation
= rapidly
multiplying
required stock
plants to produce
a large number of
identical plants
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Shoot stimulating
hormone added
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Root stimulating
hormone added
Many genetically
identical plantlets
Tissue culture
Cells taken from shoot
tip with sterile forces =
EXPLANT
Process must be aseptic
(carried out in the
absence of harmful
bacteria) or else the new
plants will rot.
Parent plant with
desired characteristics
Micropropagation
= rapidly
multiplying
required stock
plants to produce
a large number of
identical plants
Cells grown on
nutrient agar 
CALLUS culture
Shoot stimulating
hormone added
Root stimulating
hormone added
Many genetically
identical plantlets
Cloning animals
Dolly the sheep
Cloning animals
Camel
Carp
Cat
Cattle
Dog
Ferret
Frog
Fruit flies
Dolly the sheep
Cloning animals
Camel
Carp
Cat
Cattle
Dog
Ferret
Frog
Fruit flies
Goat
Horse
Mice
Mouflon
Mule
Pig
Rabbit
Wolf
Dolly the sheep
Cloning animals
Ewe ‘A’
- The technique
Ewe ‘B’
Cloning animals
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
- The technique
Ewe ‘B’
Cloning animals
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Mammary cell
with nucleus
- The technique
Ewe ‘B’
Cloning animals
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Mammary cell
with nucleus
- The technique
Ewe ‘B’
Ovum (egg)
Cloning animals
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Mammary cell
with nucleus
- The technique
Ewe ‘B’
Ovum (egg)
Remove nucleus
Enucleate ovum
Cloning animals
- The technique
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Mammary cell
with nucleus
Ewe ‘B’
Electrofusion
Ovum (egg)
Remove nucleus
Enucleate ovum
Cloning animals
- The technique
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Ewe ‘B’
Electrofusion
Ovum (egg)
Remove nucleus
Enucleate ovum
Mammary cell
with nucleus
Fusion
Cloning animals
- The technique
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Ewe ‘B’
Electrofusion
Remove nucleus
Enucleate ovum
Mammary cell
with nucleus
Developing
embryo
implanted into
surrogate
mother, Ewe ‘C’
Ovum (egg)
Fusion
Cloning animals
- The technique
Ewe ‘A’
Remove
mammary cells
from udder
Ewe ‘B’
Electrofusion
Remove nucleus
Enucleate ovum
Mammary cell
with nucleus
Developing
embryo
implanted into
surrogate
mother, Ewe ‘C’
Ovum (egg)
Fusion
Cloned lamb
born,
genetically
identical to
Ewe ‘A’
Cloning animals
- The technique
The first animal
cloned by this
method was the
sheep, named
Dolly in honour
of the Country &
Western singer
Dolly Parton, in
1996
Cloning animals
- The technique
The first animal
cloned by this
method was the
sheep, named
Dolly in honour
of the Country &
Western singer
Dolly Parton, in
1996
Dolly was the first success in 277
attempts. Dolly was put down at the
age of 6 in 2003, suffering from a
form of lung cancer caused by a virus.
Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
The majority of
transgenic animals
produced so far are
mice.
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
The majority of
transgenic animals
produced so far are
mice.
Animals can produce
substances that are
not part of their
normal metabolism.
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
The majority of
transgenic animals
produced so far are
mice.
Animals can produce
substances that are
not part of their
normal metabolism.
For example, an
anti-blood clotting
agent used in heart
surgery has been
produced in the milk
of transgenic goats.
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
The majority of
transgenic animals
produced so far are
mice.
Animals can produce
substances that are
not part of their
normal metabolism.
For example, an
anti-blood clotting
agent used in heart
surgery has been
produced in the milk
of transgenic goats.
There are at least
five different
transgenic species,
developed to
produce specific
proteins in their
milk, including an
anti-cancer
antibody.
Transgenic animals
An organism treated
by genetic
modification is
called a transgenic
organism.
The majority of
transgenic animals
produced so far are
mice.
Animals can produce
substances that are
not part of their
normal metabolism.
For example, an
anti-blood clotting
agent used in heart
surgery has been
produced in the milk
of transgenic goats.
There are at least
five different
transgenic species,
developed to
produce specific
proteins in their
milk, including an
anti-cancer
antibody.
The development of
transgenic animals, and
the possibility of
xenotransplantation ,
raise serious moral and
ethical questions.
The development of
transgenic animals, and
the possibility of
xenotransplantation ,
raise serious moral and
ethical questions.
You need to read about
these emotive subjects
very carefully, and
develop your own views
based upon the
information available.
The development of
transgenic animals, and
the possibility of
xenotransplantation ,
raise serious moral and
ethical questions.
You need to read about
these emotive subjects
very carefully, and
develop your own views
based upon the
information available.
In the exam you may
well be asked to:
“evaluate the potential for
using cloned transgenic
animals, for example to
produce commercial quantities
of human antibodies or
organs for transplantation.”
End of Section 5 Lesson 3
In this lesson we have covered:
• cloning
• tissue culture
• cloning animals
• transgenic animals