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Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
New
organisms develop from cells of
the parent – identical to parent
Asexual Reproduction
All
cells arise from other cells by cell
division
Mitosis
The
exact duplication of the complete
set of chromosomes
Separation of these chromosomes into
two complete sets
Chromosome – contains hereditary
information of an organism
Chromatids
Centromere
Chromatid
– one strand
of a double-stranded
chromosome
Centromere – structure
which joins the two
chromatids together
Mitosis
Cytoplasmic
division results in formation
of two daughter cells
Each daughter cell contains exact
number & type of chromosomes as
parent cell
Mitosis – The Process
1) INTERPHASE
Replication of each single-stranded
chromosome during the non-dividing
period
Results in a double-stranded
chromosome
Mitosis – The Process
2) PROPHASE
Disintegration of the nuclear membrane
Synthesis of a spindle apparatus to help
the division
Mitosis – The Process
3) METAPHASE
Attachment of double-stranded
chromosomes to spindle apparatus at
centromere
Mitosis – The Process
4) ANAPHASE
Replication of each centromere
Results in formation of two singlestranded chromosomes
Chromosomes move along spindle
apparatus to opposite ends of the cell
Mitosis – The Process
5) TELOPHASE
Nuclear membrane forms around each
set of chromosomes
Cell pinches in
Plant Mitosis vs Animal Mitosis
Similar
process
In animal cells:
– Centrioles form the spindle apparatus
– Cytoplasmic division is a “pinching in”
of cell membrane
In plant cell, a cell plate is synthesized
Cancer
Group
of diseases often characterized
by uncontrolled cell division of certain
abnormal cells
Asexual Reproduction
1) Binary fission
Equal division of cell of an ameba,
paramecium, bacterium
Result: Two equally sized organisms
Asexual Reproduction
2) Budding
Unicellular organisms (yeast) – similar
to binary fission except cytoplasm
division is unequal
New cells stay together (colony) or may
detach
Asexual Reproduction
Multicellular organisms
(hydra) –
Production of multicellular outgrowth
from parent
Detach or form colony
Obelia
colony
Asexual Reproduction
3) Sporulation
Spores – single, specialized cells
Survive very well – withstand tough
conditions
Released from parent &
develop into new individuals
Ex- bread mold
Asexual Reproduction
4) Regeneration
Develop of entire new organisms from
part of parent
Ex – starfish – develop from single arm
Also refers to replacement of lost
structures
Ex – lobster regenerates a lost claw
Asexual Reproduction
Invertebrate
animals possess more
undifferentiated cells than vertebrates
Means that invertebrates can
regenerate easier than vertebrates
Asexual Reproduction
5) Vegetative propagation
New plants develop from roots, stems,
leaves of parent plant
Asexual Reproduction
Cuttings
– Geranium
Bulbs – Onion
Tubers – Potato
Runners – Strawberries
Grafting – Seedless Orange