Transcript The Plant Body

Biology 206
Janice Lapsansky
Jeff Young
Lab Page
Jeff's Page
Grading
Grades will be assigned on the basis of your performance on frequent quizzes and
two exams in each of the two portions of the course (animal biology and plant
biology), and your laboratory work, as follows:
Lecture exams and quizzes will consist of a mixture of multiple
true/false and short essay questions,
– you write the essay questions (start thinking about questions now).
– quizzes may be taken with a partner.
Weeks ~1-5 (JY)
Lecture notes and reading assignments are subject to change.
The assigned reading is considered the minimum required. Students should plan on using the Glossary and the Index in Freeman.
Students are further encouraged to consult other sources when assigned material is not clear.
Broad Course Goals
• Integrate knowledge gained in Biology 204 and 205,
– Ecology, Evolution and Diversity (204),
– Cell Biology (205).
• Understand how organisms are organized at the molecular,
cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism, and mutualistic
levels,
–
–
–
–
Literate in the field (writing, listening, speaking)
Study skills,
Laboratory skills,
Other?
Jeff Young, Botanist
[email protected]
x3638
Office: BI412
Office Hours
MWF:1-2 am
…by appointment.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Genome-based study of plant
physiology and environmental
responses.
Success is Easy
…if you work hard.
• Do the reading assignments before class,
– know the vocabulary,
– don’t neglect the figures,
• Attend lectures,
• Listen to the lectures, look at the examples, think.
• Know the material,
– it’s easier to just learn it, than it is to try to guess or
divine your instructors intentions.
Overview
Growth &
Development
Morphology
Responses to the Environment
Transport
Assimilation
Water
Solutes
Carbohydrates
Gas Exchange
Photosynthesis
Mineral Nutrition
Reproduction
Sexual
Asexual
 To Know
Datura stramonium
Jimson Weed
 Dicotyledonous
 Venation
 Plant Secondary
Metabolite
tropane alkaloid
"blind as a bat, mad as a
hatter, red as a beet, hot as
a hare, dry as a bone, the
bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the heart runs alone."
 Dose Response Curves
18
saturation
poison
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Moonflower
User
threshold
dead
0
Dose (Datura)
Think about this.
The Plant Body
One that plants thorns must never expect to gather roses.
- English Proverb
Today
• What are the major organ systems that make up the
plant body?
– what are the major functions of these organs?
• What are the three major tissues that make up plant
organs?
– what cell types comprise these tissues?
– what are some functions of these cells?
The Plant Family
Angiosperms
flowering plants
99.5% of extant species
80% of living plants
Dicot
Monocot
Cotyledons (embyonic leaves)
Dicots / Monocots
Study this figure and pay attention in lab and lecture.
Floral
Organ Systems
Leaf
Stem
Root
Organs: a specialized center of
body function composed of several
types of tissues (an integrated group
of cells with common structure and
function).
Organ Systems
Major Functions
Stem
Root
Photosynthesis;
- synthesis and storage
of carbohydrates,
Synthesis and storage and
other materials.
Photosynthesis
• We can describe photosynthesis with this reaction:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
atmospheric
oxygen
Fixed Carbon
primary metabolism
Fixed Carbon
primary metabolites
•
Grains: i.e. wheat, barley, corn, and rice,
•
Starches: tubers and roots such as potatoes and poi, and stems such as in yams,
•
In other species the carbohydrate is converted to fats;
–
Oils: soybean, corn, peanut, palm, coconut, sunflower, olive, safflower, and many others.
•
Fruits: grapes, figs, olives, dates, apples, mulberries, bananas, oranges, mangoes, etc.
•
Sugar: is stored in stems (sugarcane) or roots (sugar beets),
•
Proteins: plants convert carbohydrate into nitrogen-containing proteins as well. Plant
foods high in protein include beans and many other vegetables,
•
Fibers: dietary, also, flax, cotton, etc.
• we cannot digest fiber, it is nevertheless very useful in our diets….
•
Regardless of how we think of plant contributions to our diet, plants are
also the foods of animals, which we also consume as food.
Fixed Carbon
secondary metabolites
Modified Leaves
Tendrils
Spines
Succulent
Bracts
Organ Systems
Major Functions
Leaf
Stem
Root
Leaves;
Modified for Reproduction
Floral Organs
Organ Systems
Major Functions
Leaf
Root
Structural Support;
- leaves and flowers,
Transport and Communication;
- between roots and leaves,
Storage;
- carbohydrates and other materials.
Structural Support
Transport and Communications
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Hormones
Small molecules
Others...
The tallest living tree today is the Mendocino Tree, a
coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) found at
Montgomery State Reserve near Ukiah, California,
USA. 112 m, 1998.
A Eucalyptus regnans at Mt. Baw Baw, Victoria,
Australian, was 143 m, 1885.
Arabidopsis
Stolons
Modified Stems
Iris
Rhizomes
Ginger, many grasses, some ferns...
Tubers
Rhizomes:
potatoes, yams*...
Bulbs
Onion, Daffodil, Tulip, Lilies...
Floral Organs
Organ Systems
Major Functions
Leaf
Stem
Water Uptake,
Mineral Uptake,
Anchorage,
Storage,
Synthesis.
Anchorage/Uptake
Tap
Fibrous
Tap root systems can reach as
deep as 50 meters,
- lateral (secondary) roots extend
from the tap root.
wire grass
Tap roots of fibrous-root plants
typically perish ,
Aristida purpurea
- adventitious roots (extending
from the stem) densely fill the
surrounding soil,
- root surface area of a 4
month old rye plant was
measured as 639 M 2.
Blazing Star
Liatris punctata
See Fig. 36.3
Today
• What are the major organ systems that make up the
plant body?
– what are the major functions of these organs?
• What are the three major tissues that make up plant
organs?
– what cell types comprise these tissues?
– what are the functions of these cells?
Plant Tissues
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
In all organs.
Plant Tissues
Epidermal Cells
w/ Guard Cell
Cotton
Trichomes
Arabidopsis
Stigmatic
papillae
Salt Bladder
Saltbush
Remember: Cuticle
Plant Tissues
Root Hairs
Radish Seedling
Plant Tissues
Organization differs in roots vs.
stems vs. leaves.
Organization differs in dicots vs.
monocots,
Please study Figs. 36.24, 37.7
xylem
H2O / nutrients
Plant Tissues
Esau
Anatomy of
Seed Plants
Tracheids
Vessel Elements
phloem
carbohydrates/synthates
Plant Tissues
Companion Cell
Sieve Tube Member
Plant Tissues
Leaves: not epidermis, not
vasculature.
Pith: “inside vascular system”
Cortex: “outside vascular system”
General Plant Cells
+ unique to plant cells
- Plastids ;
- chloroplasts,
- amyloplasts,
- leucoplasts,
- etc.
- Large Central Vacuole;
- single membrane,
(tonoplast),
Cellulose Based Cell Wall,
Plasmodesmata.
Cell Walls
Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
Schlerenchyma
Parenchyma:
Typically a not distinctively specialized cell with a
nucleate protoplast concerned with one or more of
the various physiological and biochemical activities
in plants. Thin primary walls.
Collenchyma:
A supporting tissue composed of more or less
elongated living cells with uneven thickened cell walls.
Common in regions of growth.
Study Figs. 36.22, 24, 25
Pay attention in lab.
Schlerenchyma:
Cell variable in form and size and having more or less
thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Supporting cells
that may or may not be devoid of protoplast at
maturity.
…from Esau.
Plasmodesmata
Gap Junction vs. Plasmodesma
Gap Junction (animal)
protein lined
Plasmadesma (plant)
membrane lined
Apoplast / Symplast
Apoplast
Symplast
The cell wall
continuum of a plant.
“Outside of the
symplast.”
The interconnected
protoplasts and their
plasmodesmata.
Today
• What are the major organ systems that make up the
plant body?
– what are the major functions of these organs?
• What are the three major tissues that make up plant
organs?
– which cell types comprise these tissues?
– what are the functions of these cells?
Friday
Intro to Plant Form and Function,
• Ch 36: 791 – 800, pp. 470 - 475
• Ch 36: 800 – 807.