Transcript Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology

Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
• Atrazine and other triazine herbicides
• Neonicotinoid pesticides (e.g. imidacloprid)
• Metals, other mine or fracking waste?
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
• Why do they make them?
• When do they make them?
• Where do they make them?
• How do they make them?
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
3.
Biofuels
• What would make a good biofuel?
• How and where to grow it?
• Can we get plants to make diesel, H2 (g) or electricity?
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
3.
Biofuels
4. Climate/CO2 change
• How will plants be affected?
• Can we use plants to help alleviate it?
• Effects of elevated CO2 on various plant processes
• C3 vs C4 vs CAM?
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
3.
Biofuels
4. Climate/CO2 change
5. Stress responses, eg drought, starvation, shaking, temp
• Structural
• Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM)
• Cyanide-resistant respiration
• Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
3.
Biofuels
4. Climate/CO2 change
5. Stress responses/stress avoidance
6. Improving food production
• Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them
• Roots?
• GMO
• New crops
Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it
takes us.
1. Phytoremediation
2. Plant products
3.
Biofuels
4. Climate/CO2 change
5. Stress responses/stress avoidance
6. Improving food production
7. Biotechnology
8. Plant movements
9. Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
10. Flowering?
11. Regeneration? Seed germination?
Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
5) Nuclear
Envelope
6) Endosomes
7) Oleosomes
Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
• filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!
endosymbionts
• derived by division of preexisting organelles
• no vesicle transport
•Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated
endosymbionts
•derived by division of preexisting organelles
• little exchange of membranes with other organelles
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)
Peroxisomes (microbodies)
1 membrane
Peroxisomes (microbodies)
found in (nearly) all eukaryotes
1 membrane
Fn:
1) destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
Peroxisomes
Fn:
1. destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
2. change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)
Peroxisomes
Fns:
1. destroy H2O2, other
O2-related poisons
2. change fat to CH2O
(glyoxysomes)
3. Detoxify & recycle
photorespiration products
Peroxisomes
Fn:
1.
2.
3.
4.
destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)
Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products
Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)
Peroxisomes
ER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances!
e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when
the wild-type gene is restored
endosymbionts
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)
2) Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Bounded by 2 membranes
Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM
Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM
IM folds into cristae
Mitochondria
-> 4 compartments
1) OM
2) intermembrane space
3) IM
4) matrix
Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only
40-43 genes
Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only
40-43 genes
Reproduce by fission
Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only
40-43 genes
Reproduce by fission
IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid
Mitochondria
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only
40-43 genes
Reproduce by fission
IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid
Genes most related to Rhodobacteria
Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make many important biochemicals
Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make important biochemicals & help recycle PR
products
Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make important biochems & help recycle PR prods
• Have extra oxidases: burn off excess NADH or NADPH?