Transcript Freeman 1e: How we got there

The Protists Chapter 19.1
page 502 - 525
The Fungi Chapter 20
Page 528 - 547
10. (503) What is a protist?
Kingdom Protista:
• Most diverse kingdom
• Unicellular
• Many multicellular
• membrane
• Microscopic
bound organelles
• Nucleus
• Very large
• Some make own food, some don’t
1) What then, do all protists have in common?
They are all ____________
(503) Protozoan
• A ______________ is a unicellular animal.
– Moist environments
– Very diverse group
– All feed on other organism (dead or alive)
They are therefore _______________.
• Four Diverse Groups
–
–
–
–
Amoebas (have pseudopodia) (504)
Flagellates (have flagella) (506)
Ciliates (have cilia) (506)
Sporozoans (parasites) (508)
Amoeba (504)
14,17. Moves by sending out extensions of
plasma membrane to move and feed (505)
(504)
• These extensions are called ___________.
• Do not have a cell wall (504)
• To feed, the pseudopodia surrounds the food
(504)
Video: amoeba
Amoeba
• Amoebas can remove excessive water with little
pumps called ___________ ________
(505)
• Found in moist environments (504)
(505)
• Amoebas found in the sea are part of the ______
• Plankton is assortment of organism that float in
oceans and form base of the ocean’s food chain.
• Radiolarians are an important part of plankton too. (505)
• Most amoebas reproduce by ________________
(505)
Flagellates (505)
• Get their name because they are protists with one
or more ____________. (506)
•Flagella allow for the protist to move about. (506)
•Some flagellates are parasites, causing diseases
like sleeping sickness. (506)
•Some protozoa are found in the guts of termites
and will digest cellulose as food.(506)
Video- dinoflagellates
Ciliate (506)
Paramecium
15,16. What are ciliates?
• Contain _________, hair-like
projections to move from place
to place (507)
• Paramecia are one of the largest
unicellular organisms. (507)
• Use cilia, oral groove, gullet
and food vacuole for digestion.
(507)
(504)
Stentor
(507)
• Paramecia reproduce asexually and sexually
by _____________. In this process
paramecia join and exchange genetic
material.
• Also paramecia divide through asexual
reproduction, by dividing into two identical
daughter cells.
(508)
Sporozoans (508)
• Most of the Protist are in the group
Sporozoans, which produce __________. (508)
• Spores is a reproductive cell with a hard outer
coat that produces a new organism without
fertilization. (508) (508)
(509)
• All are __________
• This is the life cycle of malaria,
a disease caused by a Sporozoans
through life cycle of a Mosquito.
Algae: Plantlike Protist 19.2
What are algae?
• Protists that photosynthesize are algae. (510)
• Use of chlorophyll to trap energy from sun. (510)
• Up to 4 kinds of chlorophyll w/ various pigments.
(variety of colors in algae) (510)
• Can be unicellular or multicellular. (510)
7. Photosynthesizing algae are called
________________
(510)
Diversity of Algae (511)
• Six phyla of algae (511)
• Three of phyla (euglenoids, diatoms &
dinoflagellates) are unicellular (511)
Euglenoids (511)
What are euglenoids?
(511)
• Have both plant and animal characteristics.
• Contain chlorophyll & photosynthesize but
don’t have cellulose or cell wall
• Can take in food similar to protozoans
• Have one or more flagella to move toward
food or light
videos
(511)
9. Diatoms: The golden algae
(512)
• Unicellular photosynthesizing organisms
• Make up a large part of phytoplankton in
fresh and salt water ecosystems
• Shells made of silica with two parts
• Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid
(golden-yellow color)
• Oil in diatoms helps
diatoms float on surface
Dinoflagellates (513)
13. Have two (2) flagella located in grooves.
13. Cell spins slowly as flagella beat.
• Phytoplankton in salt water.
8.Cause _________ , that kill fish, and
shellfish.
(513)
Red Tide
Red Algae (514)
The next three phyla of algae has to do with
their color: red, brown, and green algae.
• Red algae are seaweeds. The body of the
seaweed is called a ___________. Seaweeds
lack roots, stems, and leaves.
• Red algae can survive deep water because light is
absorbed in the green, violet
and blue pigments. Red is the
part of light spectrum that can
penetrate deep water
(below 100m)
Brown Algae (514)
• Brown algae are found in cool ocean water.
• Many have ____________ that keep bodies
floating near the surface.
• The largest of the brown algae are _________
• Kelp forest are ecosystems.
Kelp (multicellular seaweed) (514)
Looks like plants but is not; no roots, stems or leaves
Has hold fasts to attach to rock
Green algae reproduction (515)
• Reproduce sexually and asexually
• Individual organism breaks into pieces and each
piece forms a new organism. This type of
reproduction is called ___________.
• Life cycles that alternate between individuals that
produce spores and individuals that produce
gametes are called _____________
• Alternates between haploid and _________. (516)
Forms sex cells
Forms body cells
Alternation of generations
Meiosis
Diploid
Mature Cell
Zoospores
Zygote
Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
+
Haploid
-
Chapter 20
What is a fungus? Chapter 20
(529)
Characteristics of Fungi:
• Are everywhere
• Grow best in moist, warm environments
4. Have cell walls but not of ___________,
like plants. Cell walls of ____________.
(513)
What is the structure of fungi?
33. Most are multicellular and have long
threadlike filaments called _________ (530)
• Hyphae grow from __________. (530)
• As hyphae grow they form an network of
filaments called a _______________. (530)
How do fungi get food?
(531)
Fungi can not make their own food, they are
• Food is digested ___________ the fungus’s
cells and then food is absorbed.
• By digestive ___________
• Enzymes break down large food molecules
into small food molecules
• Small food molecules move into the
hyphae. (by Osmosis)
Reproduction in Fungi
• Asexual reproduction by pieces of
mycelium breaking off: ______________
• Another asexual in which a new individual
pinches off from the parent is __________
Basidiomycotes
• Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s
nests fungi, rust, smut, and bracket fungi.
Basidiomycotes
• Basidiomycotes have ______ - shaped hyphae
called __________.
• The spores that are produced are
________________
Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
6. Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefit both
species
3. A fungus that has a symbiotic relationship a plant and its
roots is ______________
5. Fine, threadlike hyphae grow around the plant’s roots
without harming the plant. The hyphae maintain water
around roots. The fungus receives organic nutrients from
the plant.
Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
2. A _________ is a symbiotic association
between a fungus and _____________.
• The fungus portion forms a dense web of
hyphae, the algae grows inside the web.
• The algae provides food for both organisms,
the fungus protects the algae from changes
in the environment.
• Often first to colonize an area in primary
succession.