Transcript Protista II
PROTISTA II Mostly SINGLE CELLED PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHIC Eukaryotes - Algae Secondary Endosymbiosis Green Algae Fig. 28.3 Cryptomonad –Cryptomonad algae chloroplast still –contain a vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph. Tertiary Endosymbiosis ?!! Fig. 28.25 Origins of plastids, Not phylogeny of Cell (cytoplasm) itself. Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellata • Cellulose cell walls • Phytoplankton- base of food chain • 2 flagella – One in transverse grove – One propels them along – Spiral in water as they swim – Cause red tides – toxic – Bioluminescence – zooxanthellae Stramenophiles Water “Molds” & Diatoms Brown Algae Oomycota • • • • • • Water “molds” Hyphae Diploid dominant Swimming zoospores Cellulose cell walls Saprobic & disease causing – Potato blight – Sudden Oak Death • Attacks goldfish Saprolegnia Bacillariophyta • • • • • • Diatoms Plates of SiO2 Ripple membrane along plate to move ??? Golden brown color- pigments Diatomaceous earth – microfossils Major autotroph in cold water BACILLARIOPHYTA (DIATOMS) • • • • Cell wall of silica Cell wall consists of two valves Buoyancy Pigments – Chlorophyll a and d – Fucoxyanthin – Xanthophyll, -accessory Diatoms Synedra sp. Phaeophyta • Brown Algae- the Kelps • Can grow large !!! Fast !! • Use Chlorophyll a & Fucoxyanthin as pigments – Holdfast – Stipe – Blade • We’ll see them at M Bay Aquarium, or Bodega Bay PHAEOPHYTA • • • • Mostly marine Largest Algae Kelp Pigments – Chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin • Blade • Stipe • Holdfast Nereocystis Fucus Gas Bladder Male Plant with Antheridia conceptacle Female Plant with Oogonia conceptacle RHODOPHYTA • Mostly marine • Pigments – Chlorophyll a – Phycobilins – phycocyanin & phycoerythrin Rhodophyta • • • • Red Algae Carageenan Agar Use chlorophyll a & Phycoerithrin , phycocyanin as pigments Polisiphonia n= female plant Makes n carpospres that become 2n zygotes 2n –plant Makes N tetraspores n= male plant Makes n spermatia 2n –plant Makes (n) tetraspores female plant (n) Makes carpospores that become 2n zygotes male plant (n) makes spermatia Multicellularity • Arose independently several times in Eukarya • Caused another new wave in evolution • Origins in simpler colonial forms – Volvox • Cellular specialization and Division of labor • Escape cell size limitations – Membrane area to cytoplasm volume ratio • Multicellularity solves ratio limits Fig 7.5 Viridiplantae?? Red Algae Green Algae Plants Tentative Phylogeny Fig 28.8 CHLOROPHYTA • Most fresh water, some marine, symbiotic with fungi in lichens. • Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids • Cellulose cell walls Chlamydomonas Pandorina Pandorina Desmids Spyrogyra Spirogyra conjugation Volvox Volvox sp. Volvox zygotes Oedogonium sp. Oedogonium Euglena – example of cellular complexity in Protists Ulva sp. Dinoflagellates • Two flagella one wrapped inside grove. • Cell walls of cellulose • Can cause red-tides – and disease for some organisms • Similar pigments to red algae KINGDOM PARABASALA Phylum Euglenophyta Euglena – example of cellular complexity in Protists Physarum Physarum (Life Cycle)