Transcript End Of Course Fill in the blank Study Guide Review

End Of Course
Fill in the blank Study Guide
Review
Accuracy vs. Precision
1. ___________________________ refers to the closeness of
a measured value to a standard or known value.
• For Example: if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of
3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known
weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate.
Accuracy
2, ________________________ refers to the closeness of two
or more measurements to each other.
• For Example: if you weigh a given substance five times, and
get 3.2 kg each time, then your measurement is very
precise.
Precision
Bias
3. To avoid bias in scientific research, scientists
should undergo _________ of work.
peer review
Also – should have large sample numbers
(# of people/ animals being tested)
4. A controlled experiment will change _______
variable at a time.
1
Independent vs Dependent Variables
5. ____________________ variable
—one factor should only be tested at one time
in an experiment (the one that “I” change)
independent
6. ____________________ variable
— the results from the independent variable or
The outcome of the experiment.
dependent
Redi’s Experiment:
Spontaneous Generation
7. The Controlled variablejars, meat, location, temperature, time
The Manipulated or Independent Variablegauze
The Responding or Dependent Variableflies
Properties of Life
•Made of one or more cells
•Displays organization
•Grows and develops
•Reproduces (sexually or asexually)
•Responds to stimuli
•Requires energy
•Maintains homeostasisHomeostasis is to seek and maintain a condition of
balance or equilibrium within its internal environment
•Adaptations evolve over time
Macromolecules
8. _________
Made up of triglycerides
Long Term storage of energy/ Makes up the cell
membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Includes Fats, Oils, Waxes, & Steroids
LIPIDS
Macromolecules
9. _________________
Made up of Monosacchardies
Short term energy source
Includes sugars and starches
Carbohydrates / found in a 1:2:1 ratio
Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Macromolecules
10._________________
Made up of Amino Acids
Builds muscle
Includes enzymes – what do enzymes do?
speed up a chemical reaction by lowering
the activation energy
Proteins
Macromolecule
11. _____________________
Made up of nucleotides
what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and a 5carbon sugar
Stores genetic information. Includes DNA & RNA
Nucleic Acid
Indicators
12.Protein: Indicator: _________________.
If positive it will turn ___________________.
Biurets/ Purple
13. Sugar Indicator ______________________.
If positive, it will turn ____________________.
Benedicts / Orange
Indicators
14. Starch Indicator ______________________.
If positive, it will turn ____________________.
Iodine (aka: Lugols) & dark brown-black
15. Lipids Indicator ______________________.
If positive, it will turn ____________________.
Sudan IV/ Red
Enzymes
16. Enzymes are which macromolecule?
proteins
17. Describe how an enzyme and a substrate
work together?
They fit together in a enzyme- substrate
complex
Cells
18. •Prokaryotes are simple cells with no nucleus.
An example would be ________________
bacteria
19. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Examples are _________ & _________ cells.
plant and animal
Cell organelles
20. _______—the center of the cell that controls all
activities. “The Brain”
Nucleus
21. Ribosome—site of ___________ synthesis.
On the Rough ER
protein
22. ________—converts sugar into ATP for use in the cell.
“Powerhouse” of the cell
mitochondria
23. Chloroplast— converts sunlight into glucose (sugar)
for energy “Chlorophyll FILLS the chloroplast” Only in
plant cells _________ takes place in the leaves.
photosynthesis
Cell organelles
24. Cell Wall — Only in _______ cells. This is a rigid
structure that is outside the cell membrane. It
provides structure/shape and protection.
plant
25. _________—Uses enzymes to clean the cell of
worn out parts or waste. “Cleans like Lysol!”
lysosome
26. _________--- Mainly in plant cells. Stores water,
minerals, and food. Usually the largest structure in
the plant cell.
vacuole
Cell organelles
27. _______________________ —a jelly like
substance within a cell that fills the space & houses
the other organelles.
cytoplasm
Cell (Plasma) Membrane — a semi permeable
structure that regulates what comes in and out of
the cell, “Gatekeeper of the Cell”
** which macromolecule makes up the majority of
the cell membrane?
lipids
Cellular Transport
28._______ transport —transport across a cell
membrane that requires no energy. The
molecules move down its concentration
gradient from high to low!
passive
29. ____________________ transport —transport
across a cell membrane AGAINST a substances
concentration gradient. (like pushing a boulder
uphill!!) REQUIRES _________
Active/ ATP Active moves from low to high
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
30.__________solutions — There is more water (solvent) on the
outside of the cell then on the inside. The result is water rushes
into the cell making it swell and possibly burst. “You swell up like
a hippo in this solution.
Hypotonic
31. ______________________________ solutions —There is
more water on the inside of the cell than on the outside. The
result is that all of the water rushes out making the cell shrink.
Hypertonic
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
31. Isotonic solution — concentrations in the
cell and outside the cell are equal. (You could
say that is has reached a state of ____________)
equilibrium
There is no NET movement of concentration.
Mitosis
33. _____ — nucleus breaks down and chromosome appear
prophase
34. ______— chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
metaphase
35, ____—sister chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers
anaphase
36. _____/ _______ — two INDENTICAL daughter cells are made
telophase/ cytokinesis (cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm)
Mitosis produces how many of what kind of cells?
2, diploid cells & they are the same
Meiosis
Meiosis goes through two phases of PMAT to
produce FOUR GENETICALLY DIFFERENT CELLS
37.The purpose of meiosis is to produce sex cells,
or _____________ —sperm and eggs.
gametes
4 haploid gamete cells & they are different
What event in Meiosis makes them different?
CROSSING-OVER
Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
38. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves in the ___________.
chloroplast
It is a process in which sunlight is converted to sugar
CO2 + H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 (sugar) + O2
39. Cellular Respiration occurs in the _____________ of a cell.
mitochondria
It converts glucose to make ATP
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2+ H2O + 36 ATP
40. Reactants/ Products
Ecology
41. Complete the levels of organization from
smallest & the largest
___________—molecule—organelles—cell
(smallest unit of life!)—tissue—organ—organ
system—organism—population—community—
ecosystem—biome— and ___________
smallest = atom
largest = biosphere
Symbiosis (Relationships)
42. _____________________—when one organism
benefits from a relationship, and the other is not helped
or harmed. Example— bird living in a tree.
commensalism
43, _____________________— both organisms benefit
from a relationship. Ex— bird living on top of a rhino. The
bird eats the insects off of the rhino and the rhino
protects the bird.
mutualism
44. _______________— one organism is helped and the
other is harmed. Ex — a tapeworm takes all of the
host’s food.
parasitism
Energy Pyramids
45. The bottom of the energy pyramid is the
plants which are ___________.
producers
As you move up the food chain, you have
consumers – either herbivores, omnivores, or
carnivores
46. 90% of energy is lost to heat and only _____
of the energy moves up the pyramid.
10%
Primary & Secondary Succession
47. ________________ succession: (no soil) it is
a very slow process. Example: lichens on rocks
primary
___________________ succession (soil) plant
regrowth after a natural disaster
secondary
Carrying Capacity
48. The carrying capacity is the maximum
number of organism that an environment’s
resources can sustain. If the population exceeds
the carrying capacity, then individuals will die
because of _____________________________.
a lack of resources (limiting factors)
Density Independent vs.
Density Dependent
49. Density independent factors are ____________
factors that occur no matter the size of the
population. Examples are hurricanes, floods, and
other weather factors.
abiotic - nonliving
50.Density dependent factors are ___________
factors that depend on the size of the
population. Competition, disease, and predation
are examples of these factors.
biotic - living
Demography
Birth rate— increases population
& Death rate—decreases population
51. Immigration— organisms moving _______a
population will increase the population size
INTO
52. Emigration —organisms moving ________ a
population will decrease the population size
OUT OF (or “exiting”)
Heredity
53.________ alleles consist of two different alleles
one dominant and one recessive (Rr)
heterozygous
54. ______ alleles are two same alleles (rr or RR)
homozygous
55. _______ is the actually gene code (GG, Gg, gg)
genotype
56. _______ is the physical expression of the trait
(brown hair, tall plant)
phenotype
Modes of Inheritance
57. ______________________ —where two traits
blend to form an “in-between” trait.
• Example: a red flower and a white flower could
blend to form a pink flower.
Incomplete Dominance
58. _____________________—where two alleles
are equally dominant. Therefore the result is both
alleles showing up. Ex: a black cat and a white cat
have black and white spotted kittens.
Codominance
DNA molecules
59. It is a double helix structure made up a sugar, a
phosphate and nitrogen bases. The bases are
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
____ pairs with T, ____ pairs with G
A=T
C=G
Adenine – Thymine
Cytosine – Guanine
RNA molecules
60.A single stranded molecule that carrying genetic
information. It codes for proteins. The bases are
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil.
_____ pairs with U & ____ pairs with G
A=U
C=G
Adenine – Uracil
Cytosine – Guanine
Evolution
61.___________ says that the best traits or
adaptations are going to be passed down to
their offspring.
Natural Selection
62. ________believed in “use and disuse”. He
believed that if you didn’t use a feature, that
your offspring would lose it. Was his theory
true?
Lamarck – False
Evolution
63. ___________________ created the theories
of natural selection. This stated that the best
trait or adaptation would be passed to offspring.
Survival of the fittest stated that only the
healthiest, best adapted organisms would
survive and reproduce.
Charles Darwin
Punnett Squares
64.Complete a punnett square between two
heterozygous parents and show the
percentages of the genotypes of offspring.
65.Complete a punnett square between a
homozygous dominant and a homozygous
recessive parent and show the percentages
of the genotypes of offspring.