Transcript Ch 14 ppt - Gull Lake Community Schools

14
Europe Transformed:
Reform and State Building
The Reformation of the Sixteenth
Century: Background
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The Growth of State Power
Social Changes in the Renaissance
The Impact of Printing
Prelude to Reformation
 Christian Humanism
 Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
 Problems in the Church
 View of ordinary people
REFORMATION
 What
does that word mean?
 Look at the next 3 slides. What do you think was
one of the criticisms of the Catholic Church?
Christ punishing money lenders
Pope writing indulgences for $
Martin
Luther
1483-1546
Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)
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Response to indulgences and other church policies
Supposedly nailed 95 theses (statements) on door of
Wittenberg church
Not yet interested in breaking away from Catholicism; he
was just being critical
***Printed copies spread quickly (European
press invented just 60-70 years earlier)***
printing
• ***Bible’s production marked the beginning of the mass
production of books in the West
95 Theses Excerpt
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36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of
penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.
37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the
blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God,
even without letters of pardon.
38. Nevertheless, the remission and participation [in the blessings of
the Church] which are granted by the pope are in no way to be
despised, for they are, as I have said, the declaration of divine
remission.
43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends
to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;
Basic teachings
of Luther
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Faith alone
 (Sola fide)
Religious truth & authority lie only in the Bible
 (Sola scriptura)
Simplified church doctrine & rituals
 Leaders: “Ministers”
 Worship in vernacular, not Latin
 Baptism & Lord’s Supper only sacraments
 People physically close to minister during service
Priesthood of ALL believers
 Clergy not only ones that could/should do ministry
Permitted the clergy to marry
Reformation Map
Importance of sermon in services
Baptism & Lord’s supper as the only
 Look at this painting…How does it illustrate
sacraments
many of Luther’s basic beliefs?
Simple interior of churches
Believers physically closer to minister
AND NOW…
Henry VIII (I am): 1491-1547
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English (British) king
6 Wives: Problem producing a male heir to the throne (a
cause of earlier War of the Roses). (BTW, whose fault is it if a male heir
is not produced?)
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Catherine of Aragon (“Bloody” Mary) 1509-1533:
***divorce***-not granted by the Pope
Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth)1533-1536: Beheaded
Jane Seymour: (Edward) 1536-1537: Died after
childbirth; produced only male heir
Anne of Cleves: 1540-1540: Divorced “Flanders Mare,”
6 month marriage
Kathryn Howard: 1540-1542: Executed, was 19 when
she married 49 yr. Old Henry
Katherine Parr: 1543-1547: Wife @ Henry’s death
Tower of
London
Henry VIII Reformation Legacy
 Church
of England-----Anglican Church--Episcopal Church: All trace history back to
Henry VIII wanting a legal divorce
 Early
differences in Church of England &
Catholicism:
 Very few
 Worship services in vernacular
 Pope not the authority
Queen Elizabeth I vs. King Edward VI
Who lived longer?
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Elizabeth, by 53 years
Who saved England from religious wars and the Spanish Armada?
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Elizabeth
Who had two U.S. states named after him/her?
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Elizabeth
Who was the daughter/son of Anne Boleyn?
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Elizabeth
Who did Henry like?
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Edward
Who did the English people like?
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Elizabeth
Winner: ELIZABETH
Luther vs. Henry VIII?
Europe
Reformation
Map
Did most people
in Western
Europe remain
Roman
Catholic?
YES!!!
Catholic Reformation
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1540s: Ambitious reform program begins
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Is this BEFORE or AFTER the
Reformation achieved some success?
Why?
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(A) Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Purpose: to define official doctrine, esp. teachings
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challenged by Protestants
(Kept): Salvation still faith & works
(Kept):Latin Vulgate: only acceptable translation
(Kept): Church hierarchy alone to determine
interpretation of Bible
(Changed): Forbade selling of indulgences
(Changed): Seminaries (training schools) established to
properly educate priests
Council of Trent
Results of the Reformation
 Lutheran,
Calvinist, Anglican, etc. remained
(Protestant churches survived)
 Expanded education (Calvin, Jesuits, etc.)
 Promoted individualism
 Promoted nationalism (churches became
symbols of countries)
 Strengthened secular rule (Kings/Queens could
confiscate church land, etc.)
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. . .In truth, the Jews, being foreigners, should possess nothing, and what
they do possess should be ours…
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. . .In the first place, their synagogues should be burned down and what
does not burn must be covered with mud. This must be done for the honor
of God and Christianity, so that God may see that we are Christians and
we have not simply tolerated or approved that His Son and His Christians
have been subjected to lies, curses, and slander.
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In the second place, their houses should be pulled down and destroyed.
They must be housed in stables like gypsies, so that they realize they are
not masters in our country, as they proudly say, but unfortunate prisoners,
so they will complain to God continuously.
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Third, their books should be taken from them. Fourth, rabbis should be
forbidden to give any more lessons on pain of death. Fifth, they should not
be allowed to move around freely. Let them stay home. Sixth, they should
no longer be allowed to charge interest. The money that is taken from
them should be spent to help Jews who agree to be baptized. Seventh, they
should be put to work.

Martin Luther
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation
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Calvin and Calvinism
 John Calvin (1509-1564)
• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Doctrine of predestination
• Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536
The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation (cont.’d)
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Anabaptists
 Radical reformers
 Believed in separation of church and state
The Social Impact of the Reformation
 New views of the family
Catholics and Protestants in Europe
by 1560
Politics and the Wars of Religion
in the Sixteenth Century
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French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
 Huguenots
 Ultra-Catholics
 War of the three Henries, (1588-1589)
 Henry IV, (1589-1610)
 Edict of Nantes, (1598)
Philip II and Militant Catholicism
 Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598)
• Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority
• Problems with the Spanish Netherlands
• Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks
 Problems with the Netherlands
The England of Elizabeth
 Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII
 The Spanish Armada
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Europe in the Seventeenth
Century
Economic and Social Crisis:
Witchcraft Mania
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Italy became an economic backwater
Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85
million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central
and southern Europe
Witchcraft
 Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted
 Poor most likely to be accused
 More than 75 percent were women
Economic Trends in the Seventeenth
Century
 Mercantilism
 International
commerce
 New forms of commercial organization
 Joint-stock companies
 80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture
Seventeenth Century Crises:
Revolution and War
 Thirty
Years’ War (1618-1648)
Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman
Empire
 Peace of Westphalia, 1648
 A Military Revolution?
 New technologies and tactics
 The growing expense of war
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The Practice of Absolutism
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France under Louis XIV
 Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King
• Important to control of central policy-making machinery
• Versailles served three purposes:
• Greatest danger came from the high nobility
• King has authority over the traditional areas of monarchial power
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)
• Wars
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Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
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Brandenburg-Prussia
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688)
• Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701
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Austria
• Territorial expansion
• Monarch never becomes highly centralized
From Moscow to Russia
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Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)
 First to take the title tsar
 Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy
Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael
Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar
Peter the Great (1689-1725)
 Trip west, 1697-1698
 Plans to westernize Russia
 Reorganize army and navy
 Divided Russia into provinces
 Hoped to create a sense of civic duty
England and Limited Monarchy
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Revolution and Civil War
James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of
England
Charles I (1625-1649)
Monarchy abolished
Republic, 1648-1660
 Oliver Cromwell and military rule
 Dispersed Parliament by force
 After Cromwell’s death, monarchy restored
Restoration and a Glorious
Revolution
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Charles II (1660-1685)
 Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings
 Declaration of Indulgence, 1672
 Charles forced to suspend the declaration
James II (1685-1688)
 Open and devout Catholic
 Religion once again area of conflict
 Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy
 Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife
Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II
 Bill of Rights
European Culture
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Art: The Baroque
 Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with
the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival
 Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Art: Dutch Realism
 Judith Leyster (c. 1609 – 1660)
A Golden Age of Literature in England
 Called the Elizabethan Era
 William Shakespeare(1564-1614)
Discussion Questions
 What
were the social and political consequences
of the Reformation
 What steps did French kings take in the
seventeenth century to concentrate power in the
central government?
 Describe English government before and after the
events of the seventeenth century.
 How did seventeenth-century art reflect larger
historical developments?