Transcript THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

THE
PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
► Religious
reforms split western Christianity
into Catholic and Protestant
► Why
Reform?
 Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual
leadership
► In
the end the reformers, like Martin Luther,
established their own religions
Early Reform Movement
► Christian
Humanists–wanted
to reform Catholic Church
 Believed through reason, and
studying the classics one could
become more pious(Christ-like)
 Desiderius Erasmus (Catholic)–
father of Christian Humanism
►Goal
was to reform Church
abuses from within
Desiderius
Erasmus
MARTIN LUTHER
► Problems
with Church
 Catholic Church believed salvation
gained from faith + good work
 Luther thought faith alone gained
salvation
 Indulgences –a release from all or
part of sin
►Church selling indulgences–a
HUGE abuse of Church power!
Martin Luther
► Oct
31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church
door in Wittenburg, Germany
 Loudly critized the Church regarding the
sale of indulgences
► Credited
with starting the Protestant
Reformation
The Reformation Begins
► By
Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
► Holy
Roman Emperor (HRE) Charles V
wanted Luther to recant (change) his ideas
 Luther refuses
 HRE issues the Edict of Worms
►makes
Luther an outlaw
Lutheranism
► First
Protestant Faith
► Division
of Christianity in Germany
► Germany
in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
Solution
► Peace
of Augsburg
 Issued by Charles V (HRE)
 Allowed German princes to choose their faith
Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
► Ulrich
Zwingli
 Introduces Protestant Reforms in Zurich,
Switzerland
►Banned
all religious relics & images
►Whitewashed all church interiors
Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
► John
Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in
religious wars)
► Salvation through:
 Predestination-God had determined in advance
who was saved and who was damned
 Luther did not agree
► 1536
– began a reformation in Geneva,
Switz.
 Created a reformed church
 Used consistory (special body for enforcing
moral discipline)
Reformation in England
► Henry
VIII – King of England
► Political,
► Act
not religious motives for reform
of Supremacy(1534)
 Established the Church of England
 King in control of religion
 Remained close to Catholic teachings
The Church of England(Anglican)
► 1547
– Henry died
► Anglican
Church becomes more Protestant
under his 9 year old son, Edward VI
► 1553
► His
– Edward dies
half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
 She wants to restore Catholicism
 “Bloody Mary”
The Catholic Reformation
► Protestantism
Europe
► Church
spreading rapidly through
sees need for reform
The Papacy
► Corruption
addressed
had to be
► Opened
the Council of
► Revived
the Inquisition
Trent
The Jesuits
► Most
significant agent of
Catholic reform
► Missionaries
 Convert former and nonCatholics
► Founded
Loyola
by Ignatius of
Council of Trent
► Met
over 18 year period (1545-63)
► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
 Maintained salvation was gained through faith
and good works
 Gave Catholic clear body of doctrine
► Opposition
to Protestantism
► Banned indulgences!!
The Inquisition
► Church’s
way to
suppress heresy
► Followed
strictly in
Spain, Portugal and
Rome
Anabaptists
► Not
accepted by either Catholic or
Protestant
► Considered
► Church
dangerous radicals
and state should be separate