Transcript The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation
The name given to the religious reform
movement that divided the western
Church into Catholic & Protestant
groups, ending 16 centuries of Catholic
dominance in Europe.
Introduction
Christian Humanism
Northern Renaissance
Also known as ___________
Humanism.
 Christian Humanists believed that:
– By reading the classics, especially the basic
Christianity
works of _____________,
human beings
could reason and ___________themselves.
improve
– A greater inward religious feeling, or inner
__________
would bring about a reform of
piety
the Church & Society.
– “To change society, we must first change the
human ________
beings in it.”
_________
– The major goal of Christian Humanism was
reform
the __________
of the Catholic Church.

Desiderius Erasmus
humanist
•The best known Christian ________.
•His view of religion:
Philosophy of Christ”
“The ___________
•Christianity should show people
live _____
good ______
lives
how to _____
on a daily basis rather than
provide a system of beliefs
that people have to practice
to be saved.
inwardness of religion
•Stressed the __________
rather than the external forms
of religion (pilgrimages, fasts,
relics) which he felt were not all
that important.
Erasmus (cont.)

Sought to Reform the Church by:

Wrote The Praise of Folly in which
satire to criticize practices
he used _____
of the Church, especially monks.
Wanted to reform the Church,
breaking from the Church.
without ________
Luther
“Erasmus laid the egg that _______
hatched.”
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philosophy of Christ
– Spreading the __________
education in the
– Providing ___________
works of Christianity.
abuses in the
– Criticizing the _________
Church.
Steps Leading to the Reformation:

Corruption within the Catholic Church.
__________
Renaissance popes were
– A series of popes, called ___________
more concerned with Italian politics and worldly
interests than with spiritual matters.
money and
– Church officials were concerned with ________
career
using their office to advance their _________
and
wealth
_________.
ignorant
– Parish priests were ____________
of their spiritual
duties & could not offer advice to those seeking
salvation
____________.
relics and the sale of ____________.
indulgences
– The worship of _______
Martin Luther

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monk & professor who lectured on the Bible in
A ______
Wittenberg, Germany.
Luther disagreed with Catholic teachings that faith & good
salvation
works were needed to gain personal _________.
faith _______,
alone
“Humans are saved by ______
and not by good
works.”
indulgences
Against the church selling ____________.
Ninety Five Theses”
Wrote “The ______-______
sacraments
Attacked Church’s system of ___________.
Luther kept only 2 sacraments, _________
Baptism
Communion
& Holy _____________.
Video clip
Martin Luther (cont.)
• Calls for change in the “Lutheran Church”:
Justification by faith alone, became
 ____________
the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.
Bible was the only source of religious
For Luther, the _________
truth.
Sacraments
To Luther, the Catholic Church’s system of ___________
had destroyed the true meaning of the gospel.
Baptism &
Luther upheld only 2 sacraments: ____________
Holy Communion
_________________.
marry
Luther called for members of clergy to _________,
instead
of living a life of celibacy.
excommunicated for his religious views.
Luther was ______________
Johann Tetzel
A monk who traveled
throughout Germany
indulgences on
selling ___________
behalf of the Church, to
help fund the building of
_____________
St. Peter’s
cathedral
in Rome.
 Tetzel often used his
famous slogan, “As soon
coffer
as the coin in the _______
rings, a soul from
Purgatory springs.”

The Edict of Worms
•Pope Leo X issued the _______
Edict ____
of _______,
Worms which declared
Luther and anyone who harbored Luther an __________
outlaw
throughout the Holy Roman Empire. This edict said that Martin
Luther’s works should be burned and Luther should be turned
over to the Holy Roman Emperor.
Worms Luther was called before the imperial
•In the City of _______,
diet, or legislative assembly, of the Holy Roman Empire where
Charles ___,
V Holy Roman Emperor, asked Luther to _______.
recant
_______
Frederick ____
of _______,
Saxony also
•Luther was kidnapped by Prince __________
known as Frederick the Wise. To keep his famous professor from
killed he sent him into hiding.
being _______,
translated
•While in hiding, Luther ______________
the Bible into German.
Lutheranism
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German
Luther was able to gain support of many ________
rulers within the Holy roman Empire.
______
These rulers took control of Catholic churches in
their lands, forming _______
state churches.
Within these state churches. Luther set up new
Catholic _____.
Mass
religious services to replace ________
These new services consisted of:
Bible readings, ________
Preaching the word of God, &
– ________
song
______.

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The doctrine developed in these churches became
Lutheranism
known as _____________.
Lutheranism was the first ___________
Protestant faith.
Reasons for success of Luther’s
movement
___________
Charles V owned a vast empire in which he
wanted to keep in control of his family, the
Hapsburg
____________
dynasty.
 Religiously, he wanted to keep his empire
Catholic
____________,
and he faced a threat from the east
Ottoman Turks who were
in the form of the ___________
Muslims
__________.
He had to send forces there.
 Charles I chief political concern was his rivalry with
France
the King of _________,
Francis I. Their conflict over
territories
disputed _____________,
led to war between them.
Saxony
 __________,
especially Wittenberg, was a long way
from Rome and the Pope.

The Peace of Augsburg
By the time that Charles V was able to bring
military forces to Germany, the Lutheran Princes
_________
were well organized and he was unable to defeat
them.
 An end to religious warfare came in 1555 with the
Peace of Augsburg
_____________________,
which formally divided
Christianity in Germany:

– German states (rulers) were now free to choose
Catholicism & _______________.
Lutheranism
between _____________
– Lutheran states were to have the same _________
legal
rights as Catholic States.
– This settlement did not recognize religious
toleration for individuals however.
____________
The Spread of Protestantism
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John Calvin
_______________,
a
Frenchman, was forced to flee
Catholic France for
Switzerland, after his
conversion to Protestantism.
His book, Institutes of the
Christian Religion, which was
a summary of
Protestant thought,
_____________
gave Calvin a reputation as
one of the new leaders of
Protestantism.
John Calvin
Calvinism
On most important doctrines, John Calvin believed
Luther
very much like __________.
faith alone.
 He too believed in Justification by ______
 Calvin placed much emphasis on the
all-powerful nature of God.
_____________
predestination
 Unlike Luther, Calvin believed in ____________,
which meant that God had determined in advanced
elect
who would be saved (the ________)
and who
reprobate
would be damned (the ____________).

Click here for video clip
The Consistory
The belief in predestination led Calvinists to believe
God’s work
that the were doing _______________.
Geneva Switzerland, Calvin established the
 In ________,
Consistory which was as a special church body set
__________,
court
up to serve as a _________
to oversee the moral life
of Genevans.
 Genevans who deviated from the church’s teachings
and moral principles were punished for “crimes” or
dancing
actions such as ___________,
singing obscene
songs, ________,
and
swearing playing ________,
cards
drunkenness.
missionaries trained in Geneva were sent
 Calvinist _____________
to all parts of Europe to spread Protestantism.

The Reformation in England
The English Reformation was rooted in ________
politics
instead of religion.
 The pope was unwilling to annul the marriage of
__________
Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon, who could not
give the king a male heir.
Anne Boleyn led him to
 Henry’s desire to marry _____________,
Supremacy of 1534, which
declare The Act of ____________
finalized the break of Catholic Church in England
with the pope in Rome.
 The Act of Supremacy established Henry VIII as the
Head of the new Church of England. (over
_______
doctrines, clerical appointments, discipline)

Reformation in
England
Henry used his powers to
monasteries
dissolve ____________
and sell their possessions
to gain wealth.
 Henry remained close to
Catholic
___________
teachings,
as services in the
Anglican Church were
very similar.
 During the reign of
Henry’s heir, nine year old
Edward VI, England
moved in a more
Protestant direction.
__________
Henry Tudor & His Heirs
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Click here to view video
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Mary
Elizabeth
Effects of Protestantism on the
Role of Women
Protestantism eliminated the idea that special
celibacy
holiness was associated with ____________.
family
 The _________
was now placed at the center of
human life.
 The traditional roles played by the Protestant
husbands and wives were as follows:
ruler while the wife
– The husband was the ________
servant
was to be the obedient ___________
whose
chief duty was to please her husband.
– An important duty of the wife was to bear
children
___________.
– According to Calvin & Luther, family life was the
destiny
only ___________
for most Protestant women.
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The Need for Catholic Reform
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By the mid-sixteenth century, the situation in in
Europe did not look good for the __________
Catholic
Church.
Germany &
Lutheranism had taken hold in _________
Scandinavia.
Switzerland
Calvinism had taken hold in ____________,
Netherlands and eastern
France, the _____________,
Europe.
England
In ___________,
the split from Rome led to the
formation of a national church called the
Anglican Church.
__________
The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Church had a revitalization in
strength and
the 16th century giving it new _______
regain much that it had
enabling it to _________
lost.
 This Catholic Reformation was supported by
3 chief pillars:
– The ___________
Jesuits
Papacy
– Reform of the ____________
Council of __________.
Trent
– The _________
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Three Pillars of Catholic Reform
Society of _______
Jesus (a.k.a. the Jesuits)
1)The ________
Ignatius
– Founded by a Spanish Noble named __________
of __________.
Loyola
– Small group of followers recognized as a religious
order
________
by the pope in 1540.
– Jesuits took a vow of absolute __________
obedience to the
pope. (Lived by a motto of 3 questions)
education to spread their message and
– Used __________
restored Catholicism to parts of ___________
Germany
and eastern Europe, while also spreading
Catholicism to other parts of the world.
3 Pillars of Catholic Reform
2.) Reform of the _________
Papacy
Renaissance popes had created many
– ____________
sources of corruption within the papacy.
Reform
– Pope Paul III appointed a ________
Commission in 1537 to determine the
___________
ills of the Church.
– They blamed the Church’s Problems on
corrupt policies of the popes.
_______
3 Pillars of Catholic Reform
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3) The ________
Council of _________
Trent
( see video clip)
– A group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, &
theologians that met in the city of Trent, on the
border of Germany & Italy.
– They met off and on for __________.
18 years
– They concluded or established the following:
Faith & Good
works were need to gain
 ______
__________
salvation.
sacraments
 Established seven ____________.
celibate
 Clergy should remain ___________.
purgatory
 Belief in ___________.
indulgences
 Forbade the selling of _____________.