Transcript Reformation

The Reformation
SOL WHII.3
For centuries, the Roman Catholic
Church had little competition in
religious thought and action.
The resistance of the church to
change led to the Protestant
Reformation, which resulted in
the birth of new political and
economic institutions.
Conflicts that
Challenged the
Church in
Rome
Merchant wealth challenged the
Church’s view of usury. Usury
was the practice of lending money
and charging a very high interest
rate.
German and English nobility
disliked Italian domination of the
Church.
The Vatican
and the Pope
were located
in Italy.
The Church’s great political power
and wealth caused conflict.
Church corruption and the sale of
indulgences were widespread and
caused conflict. An indulgence
was a pardon which released a
sinner from performing church
penalties.
Martin Luther
The Lutheran Tradition
 Believed that salvation was attained by
faith alone
 Viewed the Bible as the ultimate religious
authority
 Believed that all humans were equal before
God – they did not have to speak to God
“through” the priests
He wrote the 95 Theses stating
wrongs of the Catholic church and
nailed them to the door of the
Church. He also distributed them
throughout Europe.
John Calvin
The Calvinist Tradition
 Believed in predestination
 Preached the importance of a strong work
ethic, moral behavior, and thrift to
followers
 Believed that a person’s faith was revealed
by living a righteous life
This is the belief that God long ago
determined who would gain salvation.
Man’s salvation is predestined.
The Calvinist Church and John
Calvin’s beliefs spread to France,
the Netherlands, and Scotland.
John Calvin was responsible for
the expansion of the Protestant
Movement.
King Henry
The Anglican Tradition
King Henry dismissed the authority
of the Pope in Rome because the
Church would not grant him a
divorce from his wife, Catharine of
Aragon, who had not produced a
male heir to the throne.
After breaking with Rome, King
Henry VIII headed the national
Church of England. He then
appropriated the lands and wealth
of the Roman Catholic Church in
England and kept them for
himself.
The Reformation had its roots in
theology, but it led to important
economic and political changes.
Religious differences and hatreds
caused war and destruction.
Reformation
in Germany
The Princes in Northern Germany
converted to Protestantism, ending
authority of the Pope in their
states. By ending Papal authority,
the Princes were able to gain
economic and political power.
Princes in Northern
Germany gained
power
The Hapsburg family headed
by Ferdinand II continued to
support the Roman Catholic
Church.
Supported the Catholic Church
Conflict between Protestants and
Catholics resulted in devastating
wars such as the Thirty Years’
War.
Reformation
in England
The Anglican Church became a
national church throughout the
British Isles under Elizabeth I.
The Reformation contributed to
the rise of capitalism in
England.
Reformation
in France
The Catholic monarchy granted
Protestant Huguenots freedom of
worship by the Edict of Nantes
which was later revoked.
Cardinal Richelieu changed the
focus of the Thirty Years’ War from
a religious to a political conflict.
He was appointed by Louis XIII and
took steps to strengthen the power
of the monarchy by moving
against Protestantism
and nobility.
The Catholic Church was
concerned about the growing
Protestant movement. The Church
mounted a series of reforms and
reasserted its authority.
The Society of Jesus, known as
the Jesuits, was founded as a
response to the Reformation. The
Jesuits main objective was to
spread Catholic doctrine around the
world.
The Catholic Church harshly
dealt with those who were
challenging their authority.
The Inquisition was
established to reinforce the
Catholic Doctrine.
Those against the
Church were tortured
and even put to death.
At first, the Reformation divided
the countries of Europe on
religious principles, leading to
religious intolerance.
Power in most European states was
concentrated in the monarch. The
Reformation, however, triggered
a growth of secularism,
individualism, and growth of
religious tolerance.
The printing press, which was
invented by Johannes Gutenberg
had an important impact on
spreading the ideas of the
Reformation and Renaissance.
The Bible was the first full size
book printed with movable type.
It was printed in English, French,
and German. A growth in literacy
was stimulated by the Gutenberg
printing press.
1. Who posted the 95 Theses and
spread them throughout Europe?
Martin Luther
What did this begin?
The Protestant Reformation
and the birth of the Protestant
Church
2. Why did the Princes in Northern
Germany convert to Protestantism?
They were able to gain power both
politically and economically by
ending Papal authority.
3. What was an indulgence?
People were able to buy a pardon
from the Church to release them
from performing church penalties
for sins.
4. What was a strong belief of John
Calvin?
Predestination
What is this belief?
God had already determined or
“predestined” who would gain
salvation.
5. What did John Calvin preach to
his followers?
The virtue of hard work, moral
living, and thrift.
6. Who fought the Thirty Years
War?
The Princes of Northern Germany
and the Hapsburg family led by
Ferdinand II
Why?
The Princes of Northern
Germany were Protestants and
the Hapsburg family were
Catholics
7. How was England’s economy
effected by the Reformation?
There was a rise in capitalism.
8. Who became the supreme
head of the Church of England?
The King (or queen) of England
Who was the king that established
this in the Act of Supremacy?
King Henry VIII
9. What document gave the French
Huguenots religious freedom?
The Edict of Nantes
10. What was the first book
printed in full text?
The Bible
What invention stimulated literacy
and allowed for widespread
distribution of the Bible?
The printing press invented by
Gutenberg
11. What was the Catholic
Church’s reaction to the
Reformation?
They tried to crush the rebelling
religions through harsh punishment
and started the Inquisition.
12. What did the Reformation
trigger?
Growth of secularism, individualism,
and religious tolerance.
13. What group was founded by
the Catholic Church in response to
the Reformation?
The Society of Jesus - Jesuits
What was the goal of the
Jesuits?
To spread Catholic doctrine
worldwide
14. Where was the Thirty Years
War fought?
Germany and central Europe
15. What was Martin Luther’s
view of the Church?
He felt the Bible was the ultimate
authority NOT the Catholic
Church and that all men were
equal before God.