Transcript The Protestant Reformation 2

Please list your grievances about
school.
Would you be willing to post this on
the Principal’s door??
• Pros
• Cons
Aim: What were the causes of
the Protestant Reformation?
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Continuing crisis of the Church
 Growing popular dissatisfaction
 too much emphasis on ritual
 increasing secularization
 wealth, corruption, abuse
Caricature of Pope Alexander VI
Johan Tetzel
“As soon as the
gold in the
casket rings,
the rescued
soul to heaven
springs.”
Why did Luther object to the sale of
indulgences?
What were some other abuses of
the Catholic Church?
• Nepotism-
• Simony-
snl
Martin
Luther
How was Martin Luther’s version of
Christianity different from the
Catholic Church?
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)
 Revised Christian doctrine
 clergy no different than rest
 rejected belief in purgatory
 reduced 7 sacraments to
2: baptism & communion
 called for end of
monasteries
Bible to be written in
the vernacular
The balance: The Church v. the Bible
Uvm.edu
Why do you think the German
princes supported Martin Luther?
Legal Disclaimer: The prince shown is not actual size and is not necessarily German
Martin Luther on the peasant
rebellions of 1525
• "They should be knocked to pieces,
strangled and stabbed, secretly and
openly, by everybody who can do it,
just as one must kill a mad dog!"
Who resisted efforts of conversion?
…The Jews.
Read the documents and answer the
following questions:
1) According to Luther, why didn’t the Jews
convert to Christianity under the Catholic
banner?
2) How do you account for the very different
tones in the two documents- that are
BOTH written by Martin Luther?
Do you think Martin Luther could have been
as successful without the printing press?
John Calvin
Calvinism (1536)
• Calvin fled France in 1536, went to
Switzerland
• Published Institutes of the Christian
Religion
• Faith alone to achieve salvation
• Predestination
• The Consistory was established to
oversee moral life/punish sinners
Calvinist Sins
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dancing
Singing obscene songs
Drunkenness
Swearing
Playing cards
Wearing flashy clothes
Idleness
Gossiping
Q: Why do you think Louis XIV’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which resulted in the
expulsion of the (Calvinist) Huguenots, proved to be a big mistake?
Summary: How did the Protestant
Reformation affect the Roman Catholic
Church? How do you think the Church will
react??
The Counter Reformation
• The Catholic church was not caught unawares
by the Reformation. It had been steadily battling
opposition, resistance, and heresy for over four
hundred years; much of the opposition against
the church throughout the fifteenth century
involved issues that closely paralleled those
splitting the church in half during the early
Reformation. In answer to the growth of the
Protestant movement, the Catholic Church
instituted its own series of reforms that balanced
real reform with a strident and conservative
reaction to Protestantism. This movement was
called the Counter-Reformation.
The Counter Reformation
•
Many aspects of this movement were
genuine reforms. Groups such as the
Modern Devotion and the Oratory of
Divine Love were organizations that
included both clergy and lay people and
encouraged a return to simple ethical
living and piety, principles that had been
championed by Desiderius Erasmus.
The Counter Reformation
• Other aspects were conservative reactions to the
criticisms levelled against the church by Protestants and
Reformers. The most important of the reactionary
movements was the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits,
founded by Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530's and
recognized officially by the Catholic church a decade
later. Ignatius was a brilliant and visionary man; he was
also an uncompromising and severe fanatic.
The Counter Reformation
• The basis of the Society of Jesus was a return to the strictest and
most uncompromising obedience to the authority of the church and
its ecclesiastical hierarchy. The entire spirit of the Society can be
summed up in Rule 13 of Ignatius's "Rules for Thinking with the
Church": "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the
hierarchical Church so defines it." Ignatius was a brilliant and
intelligent man, so the extent of his fanaticism in regard to
obedience is hard to explain, but its origins can be found in his
conversion experience. In 1521 he was wounded in a battle with the
French. While recovering, he read the classics of Christianity and
was deeply impressed by the lives of the martyrs and the saints.
This instilled in him a deep sense of the value of absolute sacrifice;
he underwent a conversion and dedicated his life to the same level
of self-sacrifice that he saw in the lives of the saints.
The Counter Reformation
• While his first and most important theme was
unquestioning obedience to anything and
everything that the Church hierarchy said, his
second and more lasting theme was selfmastery. His book, Spiritual Exercises , was
designed to teach people how to deny
themselves completely. The purpose of this selfdenial, of course, was obedience to the church.
Unless one could perfectly deny one's self and
one's feelings, one could never perfectly obey
the dictates of the church hierarchy.
The Counter Reformation
• At the start, the Jesuit movement was a small
movement. The original Society of Jesus had only ten
members. By 1630, it had over fifteen thousand
members all over the world. For Ignatius dedicated the
mission of the Society to the extirpation of heretics who
refused to obey the church—this not only included
Protestants, but non-Christians as well. The Society of
Jesus became over the next few centuries the most
powerfully influential carrier of Western culture and
Christianity to the non-Western world.
The Counter Reformation
• The Protestant gains in Europe and the chaotic evolution
of the Counter-Reformation finally forced Pope Paul III in
1545 to convene a council in Trent in order to define
church doctrine once and for all. This council, called the
Council of Trent, worked on this problem in three
separate sessions from 1545 to 1563.
The Counter Reformation
• This council eventually advised some far-reaching
reforms in the abuses practiced by the church, such as
the selling of indulgences. The Council forced bishops to
reside in the region they presided over and also forbad
the selling of church offices. On the reactionary side, the
Council advised that a seminary be built in every diocese
so that church doctrine could be fully and accurately
represented. The reforms were very bold in many
respects, but they were too little and too late. The new
Protestant churches were the wave of the future; and
Catholicism—although it would remain a major religion—
would in a few centuries cease to be the majority religion
in the Western world.
• Why did Henry VIII need a special papal
dispensation?
• What were the effects of Henry VIII firing
of Cardinal Woolsey on the Roman
Catholic Church in England?
• How did the “Reformation Parliament”
affect the balance of power between
Henry and the English clergy?
• Explain the significance of these laws
enacted under Henry VIII.