Transcript Trachoma
Biology 402 Daniella DiNizo What is Trachoma? Infectious eye disease Leading cause of blindness globally Disease of poverty Neglected tropical disease History of Trachoma One of the earliest recorded eye afflictions Soldiers Immigrants through Ellis Island Disappeared from the industrial world Still plagues poorest regions of developing world Epidemiology 84 million infected 8 million visually impaired 1995 – 15% of blindness; 2002 – 3.6% of blindness Most common among pre-school children Causes Chlamydia trachomatis Associated factors Access to water Access to bathrooms Sanitation/ Hygiene Flies Overcrowding Poverty Transmission Primary Person to person Direct contact with ocular, nasal, and respiratory secretions Transmission Secondary Insect Vectors The Eye Stages 1 and 2 – Active Trachoma TF - Trachomatous inflammation follicular TI – Trachomatous inflammation intense Infection – Stage 3 Trachomatous Scarring (TS) Scarring of the tarsal conjunctiva Eyelids turning inward may begin Infection – Stage 4 Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) Ingrown eyelashes touching the cornea Infection – Stage 5 Corneal opacity (CO) Clouding over of the cornea Blindness Social Implications Global loss of productivity Women Cooking Water Family Effect on children Cycle of poverty Treatment Azithromycin Tetracycline ointment Eyelid Surgery Resistance? SAFE strategy – Surgery/ Antibiotics Surgery People with risk of blindness Reduce discomfort Improve vision Antibiotics For active infections Who?/ When? SAFE Strategy - Facial Cleanliness/ Environmental Changes Facial Cleanliness Good facial hygiene Washing daily Environmental Changes Water Bathrooms Flies Interventions have not been as successful as expected Future Directions Global Elminiation of blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET2020) Emphasis on FE of SAFE strategy Research Global Awareness Without these steps Trachoma will continue to be a major cause of blindness in the developing world. http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/trach oma-blindness.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/disea seinfo/trachoma_t.htm http://images.google.com/imgres?imgur l=http://webpages.scu.edu/ftp/mrzhao/i mages/trachoma1.jpg&imgrefurl=http:// webpages.scu.edu/ftp/mrzhao/trachoma splashpage.html&usg=__8o18TNsjnRZX UJMUzPNcaljqLCo=&h=385&w=575&sz= 23&hl=en&start=2&sig2=im4vg70W2Flx zp1IAcnWaw&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=zarP AH4CYV8c9M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=134&pr ev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrachoma%26um% 3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3 Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IESearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLL_en%26tb s%3Disch:1&ei=go6vS9mDIYP48AbOpI GcBg http://proctor.ucsf.edu/internationalstu dies2.html Images: http://www.ellisisland.se/english/ellisisl and_immigration3.asp http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary /Files/Maps/global%20active%20may%2 02006.jpg http://www.cartercenter.org/health/trac homa/index.html http://www.pba.org/blogs/entries/categ ory/from-georgia-to-ethiopia http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforu m/atlas/pages/trachoma-trichiasis-andtylosis-pachyblepharon.html http://digitalrabbit.org/wordpress/categ ory/waterborne-diseases/ http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/ archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=7111 http://medicalecology.org/water/tracho ma/trachoma.htm#sect3