Transcript Unit 3 Presentation

October 28, 2013
Eq- How is information from
our sensory organs processed
by the brain?
Standard- BF 2
Table of Contents:
42. The 7 senses
43. Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Agenda:
1. The Seven
Senses- Chart,
Story
2. Chapter 4
Vocabulary
introduction
The Seven Senses
Sense
Where it comes
through
Sight
Eyes
Hearing
Ears
Smell
Nose
Taste
Mouth
Touch
Skin
Balance (vestibular)
Body Awareness
(proprioception)
Inner Ear
Muscles and Joints
Picture
Chapter 4: Sensation and
Perception key Terms
• 1. Sensation: the stimulation of sensory
receptors and the transmission of sensory
information to the central nervous system
(spinal cord and brain).
Hunger
• 2. Perception: the psychological process
through which we interpret sensory
stimulation.
Taste
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Touch
• 3. Absolute threshold: the weakest amount of
a stimulus that can be sensed.
• 4. Difference threshold: the minimum amount
of difference that can be detected between
two stimuli.
• 5. Signal-detection theory: a method of distinguishing sensory stimuli
that takes into account not only their strengths but also such elements as
the setting, your physical state, your mood, and your attitude.
• 6. Sensory adaptation: the process by which
we become more sensitive to weak stimuli
and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.
• 7. Pupil: the opening in the colored part of the
eye.
• 8. Lens: adjusts to the
distance of objects by
changing its thickness.
• 9. Retina: the sensitive
surface in the eye that
acts like the film in a
camera.
• 10. Photoreceptors: neurons that are
sensitive to light.
• 11. Blind spot: point where the optic nerve
leaves the eye and the area that lacks
photoreceptors
• 12. Visual acuity: the sharpness of vision.
• 13. Complementary: Colors across from each
other on the color wheel or circle.
• 14. Afterimage: a color’s
complementary color.
• Blue – yellow , red – green,
black – white
• Retina sensitive to red,
green, or blue (rest are
combinations)
• 15. Cochlea: a bony tube
that contain fluids as well as
neurons that move in
response to the vibrations
of the fluids.
• 16. Auditory nerve: the cranial nerve that
carriers sound from the cochlea of the inner
ear to the brain.
• 17. Conductive deafness:
damage to the middle ear
which hinders amplification
(loudness)
• 18. Sensorineural deafness:
damage to the inner ear
which distorts perception of
certain frequencies.
• 19. Olfactory nerve: sends or transports odors
to the brain.
• 20. Gate theory: suggests that only a certain
amount of information can be processed by
the nervous system at a time.
• 21. Vestibular sense: tells you
whether you are physically
upright without having to use
your eyes.
• 22. Kinesthesis: the sense that
provides information about
the position and movement of
individual body parts.
• 23. Closure: the tendency to perceive a
complete or whole figure even when there are
gaps in what your senses tell you.
• 24. Proximity: nearness
• 25. Similarity: people
see things of similar
objects as belonging
together.
• 26. Continuity: people
prefer to see smooth
continuous patterns, not
disrupted ones.
• 27. Common fate:
assuming a group doing
similar things are
together and have the
same purpose.
• 28. Stroboscopic motion: the illusion of
movement is produced by showing the rapid
progression of images or objects that are not
moving at all.
• 29. Monocular cues:
need only one eye to be
perceived.
• 30. Binocular cues: both
eyes are required to be
perceived.
• 31. Retinal disparity: a binocular cue for
perceiving depth based on the difference
between the two images of an object that the
retina receives as the object moves closer or
farther away.
October 30
EQ- How is info processed by our sensory organs?
Table of Contents:
44. The Big 5 Chart- Imp.
Ideas in Sensation
Agenda:
1. Intro Activities- Visual Tests
2. Sensation Theories
3. At First Sight
Standard- BF2 Sensation and Perception
Sensation
Hearing
Taste
Stimulation of sensory
receptors and
transmission of sensory
info to the CNS
Body
Awareness
Balance
(Vestibular)
Important Sensation Theories
Important ideas in sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory
Gate Theory
Weakest amount of a
stimulus that can be sensed
ex: candle flame viewed at
night from about 30 miles
Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two
stimuli
Two different shades of blue
Process by which we become
more sensitive to weak
stimuli and less stimuli to
unchanging stimuli
In a dark movie theater you
start to see better over time;
city dweller stop hearing
traffic sounds
Method of distinguishing
stimuli that also takes into
account variable elements
like setting, mood, physical
state- We focus on what is
important
Our classroom has a buzzing
sound constantly, you don’t
notice it when you are
working
When you are annoyed the
“small things” stand out to
you
Only a certain amount of
If you press on a “boo boo” it
information can be processed hurts less
Test your absolute threshold for hearing:
Mosquito Test
http://www.freemosquitoringtone.org/
Important ideas in sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory
Gate Theory
Weakest amount of a
stimulus that can be sensed
ex: candle flame viewed at
night from about 30 miles
Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two
stimuli
Two different shades of blue
Process by which we become
more sensitive to weak
stimuli and less stimuli to
unchanging stimuli
In a dark movie theater you
start to see better over time;
city dweller stop hearing
traffic sounds
Method of distinguishing
stimuli that also takes into
account variable elements
like setting, mood, physical
state- We focus on what is
important
Our classroom has a buzzing
sound constantly, you don’t
notice it when you are
working
When you are annoyed the
“small things” stand out to
you
Only a certain amount of
If you press on a “boo boo” it
information can be processed hurts less
50
Shades
of Red
Important ideas in sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory
Gate Theory
Weakest amount of a
stimulus that can be sensed
ex: candle flame viewed at
night from about 30 miles
Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two
stimuli
Two different shades of blue
Process by which we become
more sensitive to weak
stimuli and less sensitive to
unchanging stimuli
In a dark movie theater you
start to see better over time;
city dweller stop hearing
traffic sounds
Method of distinguishing
stimuli that also takes into
account variable elements
like setting, mood, physical
state- We focus on what is
important
Our classroom has a buzzing
sound constantly, you don’t
notice it when you are
working
When you are annoyed the
“small things” stand out to
you
Only a certain amount of
If you press on a “boo boo” it
information can be processed hurts less
Important ideas in sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory
Gate Theory
Weakest amount of a
stimulus that can be sensed
ex: candle flame viewed at
night from about 30 miles
Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two
stimuli
Two different shades of blue
Process by which we become
more sensitive to weak
stimuli and less stimuli to
unchanging stimuli
In a dark movie theater you
start to see better over time;
city dweller stop hearing
traffic sounds
The stimuli we take in also
When you are annoyed the
depends on things like our “small things” stand out to
setting, mood, physical state- you
We focus on what is
important at that time/in
that situation
Only a certain amount of
If you press on a “boo boo” it
information can be processed hurts less
by the nervous system at a
Important ideas in sensation
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Sensory Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory
Gate Theory
Weakest amount of a stimulus ex: candle flame viewed at
that can be sensed
night from about 30 miles
Minimum amount of
difference that can be
detected between two stimuli
Two different shades of blue
Process by which we become
more sensitive to weak stimuli
and less stimuli to unchanging
stimuli
In a dark movie theater you
start to see better over time;
city dweller stop hearing traffic
sounds
The stimuli we take in also
depends on things like our
setting, mood, physical stateWe focus on what is important
at that time/in that situation
When you watch a scary movie
and you’re home alone, you
will start to hear sounds that
you normally wouldn’t notice
Only a certain amount of
information can be processed
by the nervous system at a
time
If you press on a “boo boo” it
hurts less
Chapter 4: Sensation
and Perception
Is it Sensation or Perception?
“In college, on a date at the Spaghetti Station, I returned
from the bathroom and plunked myself down in the
wrong booth, facing the wrong man. I remained
unaware he was not my date even as my date (a
stranger to me) accosted Wrong Booth Guy, and then
stormed out of the Station. I can’t distinguish actors in
movies and on TV. I do not recognize myself in photos
or video. I can’t recognize my stepsons in the soccer
pick-up line; I failed to determine which husband was
mine at a party, in the mall, at the market”
This Patient has perfect 20/20 vision. Is this a sensation or a perception
problem?
What are Sensation and Perception?
• Sensation-the stimulation of sensory
receptors and transmission of sensory
information to the central nervous
system, is normal.
• Perception- the process by which
sensations are organized and interpreted
to form an inner representation of the
world, is almost normal.
• She recognizes people from their hair,
etc., but not face
Absolute Threshold
• Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be
distinguished from no stimulus at all
– Detected 50% of the time
2. Absolute Threshold
• Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be
distinguished from no stimulus at all
– Detected 50% of the time
Difference Threshold
• Minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to
tell them apart
– Detected 50% of the time
• Weber’s constant
– Standard of difference
- Light – 2% of intensity
- Weight – 2% of weight
- Sound – one-third of 1% change in pitch (frequency)
-Taste – 20% difference in saltiness
Page 50
Visual Deprivation Lab
Objective: To see the effects of sensory deprivation on the other
senses and to better understand the psychological effects it may
have .
• Procedures:
1. Get your blindfold and sit with your chosen partner
2. You will need to keep time during the lab – each
demonstration will be 25 minutes, with a 5 minutes rest in
between to switch roles
3. Decide who will be “blind” first and who will be the “leader”
“Leader” is allowed to take blind person all over the campus,
BUT NO stairs are allowed, no restrooms with members of
the opposite sex, no occupied classrooms, no office areas, or
media center (if occupied by classes), at least 100 feet from
road, stay away from cars in parking lot.
4. Every now and then, spin them around (a little) to see if they
still know WHERE they are.
5. IF your partner gets hurt when they are the
“blind” person – you will FAIL or have to do
alternate activity to receive credit
6. IF there is a drill, alarm, or emergency of any
kind, lab is OVER and you are to go to the
nearest class room and explain to the teacher
that you need to wait with their class until
event has passed. Once you return to class
after event has passed, I will email teacher to
confirm attendance during event.
7. You are encouraged to periodically spin your “blind”
partner around and see if they are aware of where
they are – ask them.
8. Think about how this lab makes you feel, BUT don’t discuss it
UNTIL after we have done reflection at end of lab – we will
start class when you return next day with discussion of
“stories” you have about your experiences.
9. After first round, be back at end of 25 minutes (1 point off per
minute late) – change blindfolds and start second round –
another 25 minutes
10. We will finish with written reflections BEFORE discussion
11. I will also be walking around to mark off pairs as I see them –
NO loitering or socializing in hallways
12. You WANT to impress administration and faculty, but trying to
use this lab to better understand how your senses interact –
not play around
Reflection
My role in part 1 ____________________________________
For “Blind”
1. How did you feel after first
putting on the blindfold?
Did you feeling change over
time? How? Why do you
think that is so?
2. Where there any instances
where you felt like your
other senses were helping
you to “see” your
environment? Explain.
3. Did you trust your leader?
Why or why not?
For “Leader”
1. How did you feel when you
first started leading your
blind person around? Did
your feeling change over
time? How? Why?
2. How did your blind person
do? Were they able to use
other sensory cues to
determine their location?
Give specific examples.
3. What were some interesting
situations that took place on
Reflection
My role in part 2 ____________________________________
For “Blind”
1. How did you feel after first putting
on the blindfold? Did you feeling
change over time? How? Why do
you think that is so?
2. Where there any instances where
you felt like your other senses were
helping you to “see” your
environment? Explain.
3. Did you trust your leader? Why or
why not?
For “Leader”
1. How did you feel when you first started
leading your blind person around? Did
your feeling change over time? How?
Why?
2. How did your blind person do? Were
they able to use other sensory cues to
determine their location? Give specific
examples.
3. What were some interesting situations
that took place on your walk?
Lab Reflection
1. Did you enjoy this lab? Why or why not?
2. Do you feel that you gained any insight on what being
blind is like?
3. Overall, how did you feel as a blind person?
4. What did this lab teach you about sensory deprivation?
5. Is there anything about your experience that I should be
aware of?
6. Favorite part?
7. Least favorite part?
Transduction & Adaptation
• Sensory receptorsdetect and respond
to one type of
sensory stimuli- light,
smell, etc.
• Transduction-the
sensory receptors
convert the sensory
stimulation into
neural impulses.
• After a time, the
sensory receptors
grow accustomed to
constant, unchanging
levels of stimulussights, smell, etc.- we
notice it less & lessadaptation
• Cornea: The cornea is a clear white covering over the
outside of the eye. It helps the eye focus like a lens on a
camera.
• Iris: The iris is the part of your eye that has color. It gets
bigger and smaller to let in different amounts of light.
• Pupil: Black opening in the middle of the eye. Light comes
through this opening.
• Lens: The lens bends light. This helps the eye see close up
and far away things.
• Retina: The retina has nerve cells called rods and cones that
detect light. It is in the back of your eye.
• Optic Nerve: The optic nerve carries electrical signals from
your retina to your brain so you can see.
PowerPoint created by Mrs. B-D 2007
Vision Foldable
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Blind Spot
Rods and Cones
Dark and Light Adaptation
Visual Acuity
Color Wheel
Cones and Color
Afterimages
Color Blindness
The Eye
• Light enters through a narrow opening
– Cornea – transparent eye cover
– Iris – muscle; colored part of the eye
– Pupil – opening in the iris
• Sensitive to light and emotion
Vision
Light
• Spectrum of electromagnetic energy
– Vary in wavelength
• Human eyes can perceive only a very thin band of
electromagnetic waves, known as the visible
spectrum (400 – 700nanometers)
• Within visible light, color is determined by
wavelength
The Visible Spectrum
A Rainbow is sunlight broken down into colors by water or glass
The Eye
• Light Sensitive Surface
– Retina
• Photoreceptors
–Rods, Cones, Bipolar and ganglion cells
• Optic Nerve
– Axons of ganglion neurons form optic nerve
– Conducts sensory input to brain (occipital lobe)
Rods and Cones
• Cones
– Most densely packed in center of retina (fovea)
– Provide color vision, fine details
• Rods
– Provide vision in black and white
– More sensitive to dim light than cones
Visual Acuity
• Greatest in the fovea
• Blind spot (demonstration/handouts)
– Point in retina where ganglion cells converge
• Nearsightedness, image in front of retina
• Farsightedness-behind
• Presbyopia
11. Light Adaptation
• Dark adaptation
– Process of adjusting to lower lighting
• Cones reach maximum adaptation in about 10
minutes
• Rods continue to adapt up to 45 minutes
• Adaptation to bright light
– Process occurs within a minute or so
Perceptual Dimensions of Color
• Afterimage
– Persistent sensations of color are followed by
perception of the complementary color when the
first color is removed
12. Theories of Color
• Trichromatic Theory
• Three types of cones
• Sensitive to red,
green, or blue
• Opponent-Process
Theory
• Three types of color
receptors
• Red-green, blueyellow, and lightdark
13.Color Blindness
• Trichromat
– Normal color vision
• Monochromat
– Totally color blind
• Dichromat
– Partial color blindness
– Discriminate between two colors (red & green, or blue &yellow)
– More common in males (sex linked trait)
Plates from a Test for Color Blindness
Visual Perception
Lecture 7
1. Visual Perception
• Process used to organize sensory impressions caused
by the light that strikes our eyes
• Sensation is a mechanical process
• Perception is an active process
– Involves experience, expectations and motivations
1. Visual Perception
• Process used to organize sensory impressions caused
by the light that strikes our eyes
• Sensation is a mechanical process
• Perception is an active process
– Involves experience, expectations and motivations
1. Visual Perception
• Process used to organize sensory impressions caused
by the light that strikes our eyes
• Sensation is a mechanical process
• Perception is an active process
– Involves experience, expectations and motivations
2. Perceptual Organization
• Figure – Ground Perception
– Ambiguous, unstable figures, we shift back & forth
Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization
3. Gestalt Rules for Perceptual Organization
• Common Fate
• Elements moving together are grouped together (runners)
• Closure
• Fit bits of information into familiar patterns;
• Perception of a complete figure, even when there are gaps in
sensory information
• Proximity
• Nearness of objects
• Similarity
• Similarity of objects
• Continuity
• Series of points having unity
4. Perception of Motion
(mini class discussion)
• Visual perception of motion is based on change of
position relative to other objects
• Illusions of movement
– Stroboscopic motion (class discussion, how do we
know that a train moves?)
5. Depth Perception
• Monocular Cues
–
–
–
–
–
–
Perspective
Clearness
Overlapping
Shadows
Texture gradient
Motion parallax
• Binocular Cues
– Retinal disparity
– Convergence
6. Perceptual Constancies
• Acquired through experience; creates stability
– Size Constancy (video)
– Color Constancy
– Brightness Constancy
– Shape Constancy
Size Constancy
PLAY
VIDEO
7. Visual Illusions
• Hering-Hemlholtz Illusion
– Perceive drawing as three-dimensional
• Müller-Lyer Illusion
– Interpret length of lines based on experience
Hearing
November 12, 2013
EQ- How do our ear process sound?
Standard- BF4 Sensation and Perception
Table of Contents:
51. Chapter 4 Wordsearch
52. The Ear
53. Hearing Notes
54. Cochlear Implant Debate
Sound
• Sound waves require a medium; air or water
• Sound waves compress and expand molecules of the
medium, creating vibrations
– A single cycle of compression and expansion is one
wave of sound
• Human ear is sensitive to sound waves with
frequencies of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second
9. Pitch and Loudness
• Pitch
– Frequency (# of cycles per second)
– Expressed in hertz (Hz)
– Pitch of women’s voice is higher than men’s
• Loudness
– Height (amplitude) of sound waves
– Expressed in decibels (dB)
Decibel Ratings of Familiar Sounds
10.The Ear
• Shaped and structured to
– capture sound waves,
– vibrate in sympathy with them, and
– transmit auditory information to the brain
 Three parts: outer, middle & inner ear.
Auditory Nerve
The Human Ear
HAS (hammer
anvil, stirrup)
Cochlea
11.Parts of the Ear
• Outer Ear
– Funnels sound waves to the eardrum
• Middle Ear
– Eardrum, hammer, anvil and stirrup
– Acts as an amplifier
• Inner Ear
– Cochlea (3 chambers-two membrane)
• Filled with fluid and neurons- processes sound and
sends to auditory nerve
• Auditory nerve- sends sound messages to the temporal
lobes of cerebral cortex
Audition
 Conduction Hearing Loss
 hearing loss caused by damage to the middle ear;
inability to amplify sounds
 Hearing aids can help
 Sensorineural (Nerve) Hearing Loss
 hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea/inner ear; inability to hear certain
frequencies/pitches
 Cochlear implants can help if it is damage to the
cochlea
 Nothing yet to help damage to auditory nerve
http://youtu.be/0ki4qo-Dfos
• Cochlear Implant Debate
Create a T-chart of Pros and Cons of cochlear
implants.
8. Sound
• Sound waves require a medium; air or water
• Sound waves compress and expand molecules of the
medium, creating vibrations
– A single cycle of compression and expansion is one
wave of sound
• Human ear is sensitive to sound waves with
frequencies of 20 to 20,000 cycles per second
9. Pitch and Loudness
• Pitch
– Frequency (# of cycles per second)
– Expressed in hertz (Hz)
– Pitch of women’s voice is higher than men’s
• Loudness
– Height (amplitude) of sound waves
– Expressed in decibels (dB)
Sound Waves of Various Frequencies and
Amplitudes
Decibel Ratings of Familiar Sounds
10.The Ear
• Shaped and structured to
– capture sound waves,
– vibrate in sympathy with them, and
– transmit auditory information to the brain
 Three parts: outer, middle & inner ear.
The Human Ear
11.Parts of the Ear
• Outer Ear
– Funnels sound waves to the eardrum
• Middle Ear
– Eardrum, hammer, anvil and stirrup
– Acts as an amplifier
– Oval window – Round window-balances the
pressure
12. Parts of the Ear
• Inner Ear
– Cochlea (3 chambers-two membrane)
• Basilar membrane
• Organ of Corti- commend post- 25,000 hair cells
• Auditory nerve- temporal lobes of cerebral cortex
13. Locating Sounds
• Loudness and sequence in which sounds reach the ear
provide cues
– May turn head to clarify information
– Try at home: “Virtual Barber Shop” (requires
headphones to be appreciated fully).
– Check it out at
http://youtube.com/watch?v=IUDTlvagjJA
14. Perception of Loudness and Pitch
• Related to number of receptor neurons on the organ
of Corti
– Sounds are perceived as louder when more sensory
neurons fire
15. Perception of Loudness and Pitch
• Place theory
– Pitch is sensed according to place that vibrates
• Frequency theory
– Pitch perceived on stimulation of impulses that
match the frequency of the sound
• Both theories work together
16. Deafness
• Conductive deafness
– Damage to middle ear
– Hearing aids can help
• Sensorineural deafness
– Damage to inner ear or auditory nerve
– Cochlear implants may help with damage to inner
ear, but not auditory nerve
The Chemical Senses:
Smell and Taste
Smell
• Odors trigger receptor neurons in olfactory
membrane
– Odors are sample molecules of substances in the
air
• Sensory information about odors is sent to the brain
through the olfactory nerve
• Odor contributes to flavor of foods
Taste
• Taste is sensed through taste cells
– Receptor neurons on taste buds
• Four primary taste qualities
– Sweet, sour, salty and bitter
– Umami (fifth basic taste) – savory
• Flavor of food depends on odor, texture, temperature
and taste
• Individuals have taste sensitivities
The Skin Senses
Touch and Pressure
• Sensory receptors in skin fire when skin surface is
touched
– Active touching
• Some areas of the body are more sensitive
– Nerve endings are more densely packed
– More sensory cortex is devoted to perception of
sensations
Temperature
• Receptors are located just beneath the skin
– Skin temperature increases – receptors for warmth
fire
– Skin temperature decreases – receptors for cold
fire
• Sensations for temperature are relative
Pain
• Nociceptors in skin are stimulated
– Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are
densely packed
– Pain can be felt deep within body
– No nerve endings for pain in the brain
Pain
• Prostaglandins
– Facilitate transmission of pain message
– Heighten circulation to injured area
(inflammation)
– Pain-relieving drugs inhibit production of
prostaglandins
– Emotional response and response to stress affect
degree of pain
Phantom Limb Pain
• 2 out of 3 combat veterans with amputated limbs
report phantom limb pain
– May involve activation of nerves in the stump of
missing limb
– May also involve reorganization of motor and
somatosensory cortex
Gate Theory of Pain
• Nervous system can only process a limited amount of
stimulation
– Rubbing the pained area competes for neural
attention
– Closes the “gate” on pain messages to the brain
Acupuncture
• Ancient Chinese method of pain control
– Research shows it stimulates nerves to the
hypothalamus releasing endorphins
– Endorphins are similar in structure and effect to
morphine
Kinesthesis and the
Vestibular Sense
Kinesthesis
• Sense that informs you about the position and motion
of your body
– Sensory information is sent to the brain from
sensory organs in joints, tendons and muscles
Vestibular System
• Housed mainly in semicircular canals in your ears
• Monitor your body’s motion and position in relation
to gravity
ESP: Is There Perception Without
Sensation?
Video
Extrasensory Perception - ESP
• Perception through means other than sensory organs
– Precognition
– Psychokinesis
– Telepathy
– Clairvoyance
Existence of ESP
• Ganzfield Procedure
– Method for studying the existence of ESP
• No reliable evidence for existence of ESP
Beyond the Book
Video Connections: The Ames Room
• Based on what you learn from the video about the
Ames Room, how do visual artists use illusions to
create a sense of depth in two-dimensional paintings?
The Ames Room
PLAY
VIDEO
Video Connections: The Ames Room
• Have you ever been surprised at how large the moon
looks on the horizon, “resting” atop buildings or trees
in the distance? How do you explain why it looks
larger under these circumstances than when it is high
in the sky?
• Can we rely on our past experience of rooms to make
sense of the Ames Room? Why or why not?
Virtual Reality
• Perception of events that are fed directly into the
sense via electronic technology
• Computer generated images used to overcome
phobias
• Cybersex