Transcript Sensation and Perception

Sensation and Perception
Unit 4
Sensation and Perception
Modules 17-22
Sensation and Perception
Module 17: Sensory Processes
• Transducers
• Sensations
• Perception
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Sensory Systems
• The senses as data reduction systems
– Selection
• Psychophysics
• Absolute threshold
– Sensory adaptation
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Sensory Systems
• The senses as data reduction systems
– Sensory analysis
• Perceptual features
– Sensory coding
• Difference threshold
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Selective Attention
• Voluntarily focusing on a specific sensory input
– Inattentional blindness
– Bottleneck
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Module 18: Vision
• Dimensions of light and vision
– Visible spectrum
• Hue
• Saturation
• Brightness
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Vision
• The eye’s structure
– Lens
– Photoreceptors
– Cornea
• Accommodation
– Retina
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Vision
• Visual problems
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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
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Vision
• Visual receptors
– Cones
– Rods
– Blind spot
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Vision
• Light control
– Visual acuity
– Fovea
– Peripheral vision
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Vision
• Color vision
– Trichromatic theory
– Criticism of trichromatic theory
– Opponent process theory
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Do you see the afterimage?
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Vision
• Color blindness
• Color weakness
• Ishihara test
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Vision
• Dark adapting to dim light
– Dark adaptation
– Visual pigments bleach
– Rhodopsin
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Module 19: The Other Senses
• Hearing
• Sound waves
– Frequency (pitch)
– Amplitude (loudness)
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Hearing
• Parts of the ear
– Pinna
– Tympanic membrane
– Auditory ossicles
• Malleus (hammer)
• Incus (anvil)
• Stapes (stirrup)
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Hearing
• Parts of the ear
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Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Oval window
Hair cells
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Hearing
• How do we detect higher and lower sounds?
– Frequency theory
– Place theory
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Hearing
• Hearing loss
– Conduction deafness
• Compensate with amplifier (hearing aid)
– Sensorineural hearing loss
• Stimulation deafness
• Hunter’s notch
• Compensate with cochlear implant
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Sensation and Perception
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Smell and Taste
• Olfaction
– Anosmia: “smell blindness”
– Lock and key theory
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Sensation and Perception
Taste and Flavors
• Gustation
– Five taste sensations
• Newest umami – “brothy”
– Taste buds
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Somesthetic Senses
• Skin senses (touch)
• Kinesthetic senses (body position/movement)
• Vestibular senses (balance)
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Somesthetic Senses
• Pain
– Pain receptors vary in distribution
– Warning system
– Reminding system
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Somesthetic Senses
• The pain gate & pain control
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Gate control theory
Neuromatrix
Acupuncture
Counterirritation
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Somesthetic Senses
• Vestibular system
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Otolith organs
Semicircular canals
Crista
Sensory conflict theory
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Module 20: Perceptual Processes
• Perception
• Percepts as constructions
• Illusions as misconstructions
– Hallucinations
– Reality testing
• Ames room
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Ames Room
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Bottom-up and Top-down Processing
• Bottom-up processing
– Start with sensory units (features) and build up
to complete perception
• Top-down processing
– Pre-existing knowledge used to rapidly
organize features into a meaningful whole
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Perception
• Gestalt organizing principles
– Figure-ground organization
– Reversible figures
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Perception
• Gestalt organizing principles
– Nearness
– Similarity
– Continuation, or continuity
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Perception
• Gestalt organizing principles
– Closure
– Common region
– Contiguity
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Perception
• Perceptual constancies
– Size constancy
– Shape constancy
– Brightness constancy
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Depth Perception
• Visual cliff
• Depth cues
– Binocular (two eyes) depth cues
– Monocular depth (one eye) cues
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Sensation and Perception
Depth Perception
• Binocular depth cues
– Retinal disparity
• Stereoscopic vision
– Convergence
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Depth Perception
• Monocular depth cues
– Accommodation
– Pictorial depth cues
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Depth Perception
• Pictorial depth cues
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Linear perspective
Relative size
Height in the picture plane
Light and shadow
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Depth Perception
• Pictorial depth cues
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Overlap (interposition)
Texture gradients
Aerial perspective
Relative motion (motion parallax)
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Module 21: Perception and Objectivity
• Perceptual Learning
– Perceptual expectancies (perceptual set)
• Expectancies may be created by suggestion
– Perceptions are shaped by motives and
emotion
• Other-race effect
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Perceptual Learning
• Perceptual learning
– Change in the brain that alters how we process
sensory information
– Due to prior experience
• Perceptual habits
– Ingrained patterns of organization and attention
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Perceptual Habits
• Müller-Lyer illusion
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Becoming a Better Eyewitness to Life
• Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness
perceptions
– Weapon focus
– Accuracy-confidence
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The Whole Human
• Habituation
– Responding less to predictable and unchanging
stimuli
• Dishabituation
– Reversal of habituation
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Become a better eyewitness to life
• Enhancing perceptual awareness and accuracy
– Remember, perceptions are constructions of
reality
– Break perceptual habits and interrupt habituation
– Seek out-of-the ordinary experiences
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Become a better eyewitness to life
• Enhancing perceptual awareness and accuracy
– Beware of perceptual sets
– Be aware of the ways in which motives and
emotions influence perceptions
– Make a habit of engaging in reality testing
– Pay attention
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Module 22: Psychology in Action: Extrasensory
Perception
• Extrasensory perception (ESP)
• Psi phenomena
• Parapsychology
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Extrasensory Perception
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Four basic forms ESP could take
– Telepathy
– Clairvoyance
– Precognition
– Psychokinesis (mind over matter)
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Extrasensory Perception
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An appraisal of ESP
– Zener cards
– Fraud
– Poorly designed experiments
– Chance
• Run of luck
– Implications
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