Transcript Presentation

1. Explain the role of
FLUIDS in hearing and
balance:
Hearing
Fluids must be stirred to
stimulate the receptors
of the ear.
Balance
Fluids help us to
maintain balance, just
like a carpenter’s level
indicates when things
are level.
2. What happens if the
fluids in our ear are
disturbed?
We lose our balance
and become dizzy.
3. Label the following
parts of the ear:
4. Describe the following
structures of the Outer
Ear:
Outer Ear
Composed of the Pinna
and the external
auditory canal.
Pinna
Outside part – shell
shaped structure
surrounding the
auditory canal, collects
sound waves.
External Auditory Canal
A short narrow chamber
carved into the
Temporal bone of the
skull.
Ceruminous glands
Glands in the wall of
the auditory canal –
secrete ear wax
Cerumen
.Ear wax
Tympanic membrane
.Eardrum – vibrates
when it is struck by
sound waves rolling
down the auditory
canal.
5. Describe the parts
of the Middle ear:
Middle Ear
.AKA: Tympanic cavity.
Small air filled cavity
within the temporal
bone.
Oval Window
.Opening into the Inner
ear, receives vibrations
from the stapes.
Round Window
.Allows the release of
hydraulic pressure of
lymph that is caused by
the vibration of the
stapes within the oval
window.
Auditory tube
.Tube that connects the
middle ear to the
throat. Normally flat,
yawning or swallowing
will open it and stabilize
middle ear pressure.
Ossicles
.Group name of the
three small bones of the
middle ear which
transmits vibrations to
the fluids of the inner
ear.
Malleus
AKA: Hammer
Receives vibrations from
eardrum, and transfers
the vibration to the
Incus.
Incus
.AKA: Anvil
Receives vibrations from
malleus, and transmits
the vibration to the
stapes.
Stapes
.AKA: Stirrup
Receives vibrations from
the incus, and transfers
to the oval window.
6. Identify the
structures of the Inner
Ear:
Inner Ear
A maze of bony chambers
called the osseous or bony
labyrinth. Located deep
within the temporal bone,
and just behind the eye
socket.
Cochlea
.A traveling wave
pattern enters the
cochlea, vibration is
translated into neural
impulse!
Vestibule
.Sense organ of
balance. Provides
information on which
way is up and down.
Semicircular Canals
.Balance organs that
respond to angular or
rotatory movements of the
head. Motion sickness is an
overload of the
semicircular canals.
Perilymph
.A plasma like fluid that
fills the spaces in the
inner ear.
Membranous labyrinth
A system of membrane
sacs that follow the
shape of the bony
labyrinth.
Endolymph
.A thick fluid that fills
the interior of the
membranous labyrinth.
7. Explain the
mechanism for hearing:
a.Pinna collects sound
waves.
b. Auditory canal
transfers the vibration
to the eardrum in the
middle ear.
c. Three small bones
amplifies and transfers
the vibration.
d) Oval window
transfers vibrations to
the cochlea.
e) Hair cells within the
organ of Corti within
the cochlea are
stimulated.
f) Hair cells transmits
nervous impulse to the
cochlea nerve which
carries the signal to
the brain.
8. Explain white noise:
Sounds that we are
used to, and no longer
respond to.
9. Why is hearing
considered a “Stubborn”
sense?
Hearing is the last
sense to leave our
awareness when we fall
asleep, receive
anesthesia, or die. It is
also the first one back
when we wake up.
10. Define STATIC
EQUILIBRIUM and
EXPLAIN how it is
maintained:
Define: STATIC
Equilibrium
Balancing the head
when the body is not
moving. Keeps the
head erect.
A.
Within the Vestibule are
receptors called
“MACULAE”
B.
Each macula is a patch
of receptor cells with
the “hairs” embedded in
a jelly-like material
called the OTHOLITHIC
MEMBRANE.
C.
Within the otholitic
membrane are otholiths
(Tiny Ca Stones)
D.
As the head moves, the
otholiths roll in
response to changes in
the pull of gravity.
E.
This causes the gel to
slide over the hair cells
which sends a signal to
the brain telling it the
position of the head in
space.
11. Define Dynamic
Equilibrium
Receptors found in the
semi circular canals
respond to angular or
rotatory motion of the
head.
Explain how dynamic
equilibrium is
maintained:
A
Within the semi-circular
canals are receptors
Crista
ampullaris.
called the
B
Each christa ampullaris
is a cluster of hair cells
projecting into a
gelatenous cap called
the
CUPULA.
c
When your head turns
in an angular motion,
inertia causes the
endolymph to push the
cupula and to bend the
hair cells.
D
This bending causes
impulse transmission
that maintains dynamic
equilibrium.
12.What is deafness?
Hearing loss of any
degree.
13. Explain Conduction
deafness.
a- deafness that occurs
when something
interferes with the
conduction of sound
vibrations to the fluids
of the inner ear.
SIMPLE
A build up of ear wax.
Complex
The fusion of the three
small bones, or maybe a
ruptured ear drum.
14.
Explain
Sensorineural
deafness:
a
Nerve damage
b
Will result from
listening to excessively
loud sounds.
15. Explain the use of
HEARING AIDS. Which
type of of deafness can
benefit from hearing
aids?
Explain
Hearing aids cause the
temporal bone to
vibrate.
Which type of deafness
Can benefit from hearing
Aids and why:
Hearing aids will help
conductive deafness,
but, there is no help for
hearing loss due to
nerve damage.
16. List some
symptoms of
equilibrium problems
NAUSEA
DIZZINESS
CAN’T MAINTAIN
BALANCE
1.What are
Chemoreceptors?
Receptors that respond
to chemicals in
solution. Ex. Taste
buds and olfactory
receptors in the nose.
2. What makes up our
appreciation of
flavors?
Taste
receptors
+
Smell
receptors
Integrated
Blend
In the
brain as
ONE
signal!
Describe the location of
the olfactory receptors:
The thousands of
olfactory receptors are
located in a postage
stamp size area in the
roof of each nasal
cavity.
4. Describe the
olfactory neurons.
a- Equipped with long
projections called
CILIA.
b- Coated with good ole
NASAL MUCUS.
c- Chemicals in the air
MUST dissolve in the
nasal mucus, THEN they
are picked up by the
olfactory neurons.
5. Explain why
SMOKERS have a
REDUCED sense of
smell:
Tars and other
pollutants clog up the
nasal mucus. Odors
cannot dissolve in the
tar/mucus clods.
6. How should you
clean your nasal cavity
and why is this
important?
How
a- Use a firmly attached
cotton swab and
hydrogen peroxide.
b- Put a little hydrogen
peroxide on the swab,
then gently dig all of
the crap out.
How deep? As long as
it is not painful, go for
it.
Why?
Fresh mucus will be
secreted, then your
sense of smell will get
better.
7. What is meant by an
“Odor – Snapshot”?
a- Caused by dendrite
growth and association
pathways.
b- Certain smells are
associated with certain
things, people, or
places.
8.What does the word
“TASTE” mean?
“To touch, estimate, or
judge.”
9. What are taste
buds? Where are they
located?
Taste buds are taste
receptors. They are
found on the tongue,
upper palate, and inner
jaw.
POP’S NOTE!
This is why it is best to
clean your tongue when
you brush your teeth.
Get the gunk off of
those taste buds!
10. What are gustatory
cells?
a- Specific cells that
respond to chemicals
dissolved in the saliva.
b- Surrounded by
supporting cells
LOCATED ON THE
TASTE BUDS.
11. Describe the role of
the gustatory hairs.
“Long, microvilli protrude
through the taste pore,
when they are
stimulated, they send a
signal to the brain.
12. Identify the location
of the four major types
of taste buds:
Tongue
13.When do sense
organs develop?
“During the first FOUR
WEEKS of fetal
development”
At the end of the fourth
WEEK, the baby can
taste, smell, hear, and
feel. It knows pleasure,
and it knows sadness
and pain.
14. What is
STRABISMUS?
a- CROSSED EYES
b- Results from
unequal pulls by the
external eye muscles
c- TREATMENT:
The doctor will put a
patch over the good
eye and try to
strengthen the weak
eye.
Surgery may be
necessary. If it is not
fixed somehow, the
weak eye will become
BLIND.
15. How are babies
able to do things like:
enjoy “bland” baby
foods, and recognize
their mother at birth?
There chemical senses
are sharp and
unpolluted.
They also have fewer
association pathways to
relate to.