Transcript 5 Senses Powerpoint - Solon City Schools

The Eye
Energy v. Chemical senses
Energy Senses
Chemical Senses
Transduction
• Transduction –
• Each sense has its own
process of transduction
• Information goes from the
senses to the thalamus ,
then to the various areas in
the brain.
Example:
Remember Ethan in Sky
High. He changes his body
to slime. Solid form to
liquid form. Change from
one form of energy to
another. Click the picture
to watch power placement.
Vision
• Our most dominating
sense.
• Visual Capture
Phase One: Gathering Light
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy
• Wavelength –
• Determines hue (color)
Phase One: Gathering Light
• Hue • ROY G BIV
• Example:
HUE
The Physical Property of
Waves
•Intensity –
Intensity
•Height of a wave gives us it’s intensity (brightness).
•Example:
Phase Two: Getting the light in
the eye
The Eye
Cornea –
Pupil –
 Dilation of the pupil allows more light to reach the periphery of the
retina where the rods are located
Iris –
Lens –
 Accomodation - process by which the lens changes shape (curvature
and thickness) to focus near or far images on the retina
Retina –
• Rods - receptor cells
Retina
• Cones – receptor cells
• Fovea - central focal point in the retina
The Retina
• Rods and Cones
Cones
Rods
Rods versus Cones
Optic Nerve
• Optic Nerve –
• Blind Spot –
– Blind spot = no
receptor cells
Example:
Phase III: Transduction
Overview:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Transduction
Visual Problems
• Farsighted –
• Nearsighted –
• Astigmatism –
Phase IV: In the Brain
• Thalamus to Occipital lobe to
Visual Cortex to…
• Feature Detectors –
Example: Feature Detector
cells –
Example:
• Supercell clusters –
Example:
Parallel Processing
Parallel Processing –
Example:
Blindsight –
Example:
Color Vision
Two Major Theories
Trichromatic Theory
Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones:
• These three types of
cones can make millions
of combinations of
colors.
• Does not explain
afterimages or color
blindness well.
Opponent-Process theory
Opponent-Process
Theory - The
sensory receptors
come in pairs.
• If one color is
stimulated, the
other is inhibited.
• Example:
Afterimages
Hearing, Touch, Taste and
Smell
Hearing
Audition –
Frequency of Sound Waves
• frequency -
Amplitude of Sound Waves
• amplitude -
Absolute Threshold
• Absolute Threshold =
• 10 decibels = 10X
increase in sound
intensity
• Example:
– A 30 decibel sound is
_____ times louder than a
10 decibel sound
– A 40 decibel sound is
_____ times louder than a
10 decibel sound
Parts of the Ear
• Overview –
Transduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It is all
about the
vibrations!!!
The structure of the ear
Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate
with the eardrum.
The structure of the ear
Mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are
transduced into neural impulses by _____________?
_____________ do the same job for vision as __________
do for audition
Neural impulse to the brain
Perceiving Loudness
• Damage to Basilar membrane’s hair cells
= hearing loss (lose sensation of soft
sounds)
– # of activated hair cells allows us to
perceive loudness
– Compression – harder to hear sounds are more
amplified than loud sound
Pitch Theories
Place Theory and Frequency Theory
Place Theory or Herman von
Helmholtz Theory
• Place Theory –
• Best explains how we
sense high pitches
Frequency Theory
• Frequency Theory –
– Frequency (speed) of sound
wave matches the speed of
the neural impulse.
• Theory limitations: Can’t
explain high pitch sounds
(neural impulses can only
travel at 1000 impulses
per sec.)
• Best explains how we hear
low pitches
• Example:
Volley Principle
• Volley Principal –
• Can achieve a
combined frequency
of above 1000
waves/sec
Locating Sound
• Sound waves strike
one ear sooner and
more intensely in the
direction of the
sound
Deafness
Conduction Deafness -
• You can replace the
bones or get a hearing
aid to help.
• Example:
Nerve (sensorineural)
Deafness -
• Loud noises can cause this
type of deafness.
• NO WAY to replace the hairs.
• Cochlea implant - converts
sound waves to into electrical
signals.
• Example:
Touch
• Receptors located in our skin.
• Types of touch
Kinesthetic Sense
• Kinesthetic Sense –
• Receptors located in
our joints, tendons,
bones and ears
• Example:
Without the kinesthetic sense
you could not touch the button
to make copies of your buttocks.
Vestibular Sense
• Vestibular Sense –
• Located in our
semicircular canals
in our ears.
• Example:
Pain
• Biological Influences
– Noiceptors –
–
–
–
–
Gate-control theory*
Endorphins
Phantom limb sensations
Tinnitus
• Psychological influences
– Distraction
– Memory of Pain – peak pain, end pain
• Socio Cultural Influences
– More pain when others experience pain
– Mirror neurons that empathize with others pain
Gate Control Theory
• Gate Control Theory –
• Example:
Taste
• Sweet, sour, salty and bitter
–Umami
• Taste buds
–Chemical
sense
• Age and taste
Taste
• Bumps on our tongue
are called papillae.
• Taste buds are
located on the
papillae 200+ each
containing a pore.
• Pore – 50-100 taste
receptor cells that
sense food molecules
Sensory Interaction
• Sensory
interaction –
• Examples:
Jello in the shape of a brain
looks so unappetizing, it
tastes terrible too
McGurk Effect –
• Olfaction
Smell
– Chemical sense
– Olfactory receptors – Olfactory bulb – transmits smell from
the nose to the brain
– Olfactory nerve – sends neural
messages to from the olfactory bulb
directly to the olfactory cortex in
the brain bypassing the thalamus
– Olfactory cortex – receives
information from the olfactory bulb
• Conscious awareness of odors
• Identification of odors
– Hotline between olfactory cortex and
limbic system (memory and emotion)
Smell (olfaction)
Smell and age