Transcript Deoxyribonucleic acid

Physiology Part II
•Cells
•DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
•RNA Ribonucleic acid
•Proteins
•ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
•Photosynthesis
•Hearing
•Kidneys
•Pancreas
•Liver
•Gallbladder
•Digestive System
Cells
•Cell The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Humans have an estimated 100 trillion or 1014 cells
Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is a nucleic acid molecule that contains
the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all
living organisms.
•The main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information and it
is often compared to a set of blueprints, since DNA contains the
instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as
proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this
genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences
have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of
this genetic information.
•Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of
nucleotide monomers that plays several important roles in the processes
that translate genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into
protein products; RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the
protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes,
•Proteins Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical
reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Other proteins have structural or
mechanical functions, such as the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which
forms a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Proteins are
also important in cell signaling, immune responses.
DNA-RNA Animation
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
For your muscles -- in fact, for every cell in your body -the source of energy that keeps everything going is
called ATP. ATP is the biochemical way to store and use
energy.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional
nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular
currency" of intracellular energy transfer. In this role ATP
transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
•It is produced as an energy source during the
processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
and consumed by many enzymes and a multitude
of cellular processes including biosynthetic
reactions, motility and cell division.
•ATP consists of adenosine - itself composed of an
adenine ring and a ribose sugar - and three
phosphate groups (triphosphate).
Photosythesis
•Process by which green plants and certain
other organisms transform light into
chemical energy.
In green plants, light energy is captured by
chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of the leaves
and used to convert water, carbon dioxide,
and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich
organic compounds (simple and complex
sugars) that are the basis of both plant and
animal life.
•During the light-dependent stage (light
reaction), chlorophyll absorbs light energy,
which excites some electrons in the pigment
molecules to higher energy levels; these
leave the chlorophyll and pass along a
series of molecules, generating formation of
NADPH (an enzyme) and high-energy ATP
molecules.
•The NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate-oxidase) complex is an enzyme complex.
•It generates superoxide by transferring electrons from
NADPH inside the cell across the membrane and coupling
these to molecular oxygen to produce the superoxide, which
is highly reactive free radical
Photosynthesis Animation
Sugar
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light –> C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O
Hearing
•The ear has three major regions: the outer ear, the
middle ear and the inner ear.
•The process of hearing begins when sound waves
make it to the middle ear, causing the ear drum to
vibrate.
•The human ear is the anatomical structure responsible
for hearing and balance.
•The second part of the outer ear, the external auditory
canal, is a passageway in the temporal lobe of the skull,
which leads from the outside of the head and extends
inward and slightly upwards. In the adult human, it is
lined with skin and hairs and is approximately 1 in (2.5
cm) long.
•The third part of the outer ear, the tympanic membrane
or eardrum, is a thin, concave membrane stretched
across the inner end of the external auditory canal much
like the skin covering the top of a drum. The eardrum
transmits sound to the middle ear by vibrating in
response to sounds traveling down the external
auditory canal.
Hearing Animation
Kidneys
•Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each
about the size of your fist. They are located in the
middle of your back, just below your rib cage, on
either side of your spine. Your kidneys weigh
about 0.5 percent of your total body weight.
• Although the kidneys are small organs by
weight, they receive a huge amount -- 20
percent -- of the blood pumped by the heart.
The large blood supply to your kidneys
enables them to do the following tasks:
•
•Regulate the composition of your blood
•keep the concentrations of various ions and
other important substances constant
•keep the volume of water in your body
constant
•remove wastes from your body (urea,
ammonia, drugs, toxic substances)
keep the acid/base concentration of your
blood constant
•Help regulate your blood pressure
•Stimulate the making of red blood cells
•Maintain your body's calcium levels
Kidney animation detailed
Kidney Stone Animation
Pancreas/Diabetes
•The Pancreas is located behind the liver and stomach. In addition
to secreting digestive enzymes, the pancreas secretes the
hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The release
of insulin into the blood lowers the level of blood glucose (simple
sugars from food) by enhancing glucose to enter the body cells,
where it is metabolized. If blood glucose levels get too low, the
pancreas secretes glucagon to stimulate the release of glucose from
the liver.
•Type 2 diabetes means that your body doesn't make enough
insulin, or doesn't properly use the insulin your body makes. Insulin,
which is made in your pancreas.
•helps your body's cells use sugar from your bloodstream,
which comes from foods and drinks. Sugar is a source of
energy for cells.
Type 1 diabetes. This form often affects children, but adults can
develop it, too. In this form of diabetes, the body can't make insulin.
The immune system by mistake attacks the cells in the pancreas
that make and release insulin. As these cells die, blood sugar levels
rise. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin shots.
Type 2 diabetes. This Web site focuses on type 2 diabetes, which
is rising fast in the US. It accounts for most diabetes cases.
Typically, with type 2 diabetes, the body still makes insulin, but its
cells can't use it. This is called insulin resistance. Over time, high
levels of sugar build up in the bloodstream. Being overweight and
inactive increase the chances of developing type 2 diabetes.
The pancreas secretes insulin
in response to glucose levels
in the blood
Diabetes animation
Liver
•The liver is in the right upper abdomen. The liver
serves many functions, including the detoxification
of substances delivered from the intestines, and
the synthesis of many proteins.
•the largest gland in the body, a spongy mass of wedgeshaped lobes that has many metabolic and secretory
functions. The liver secretes bile, a digestive fluid;
metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; stores
glycogen, vitamins, and other substances; synthesizes
blood-clotting factors; removes wastes and toxic matter
Arteries / Veins/ Capillaries inside Liver
from the blood
•A liver transplant may be recommended for:
liver damage due to:
• alcoholism (Alcoholic cirrhosis )
• end-stage liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis)
•long-term (chronic) active infection (hepatitis)
•liver (hepatic) vein clot (thrombosis)
•birth defects of the liver or bile ducts (biliary
atresia)
•metabolic disorders associated with liver failure
(e.g., Wilson's disease)
Liver (cont)
Liver animation
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a muscular sac located
under the liver. It stores and concentrates
the bile produced in the liver that is not
immediately needed for digestion. Bile is
released from the gallbladder into the
small intestine
The Digestive System
•Digestion is the process by which the body
converts food into basic substances that can
either be absorbed in the bloodstream as
nutrients or passed out of the body as waste.
•This process of breakdown and
assimilation occurs within the digestive
tract, a convoluted tube more than 30
feet long that is lined with a mucous
membrane.
•Other digestive juices required by the small
intestine to digest and absorb food,
particularly fats and starches, come from the
pancreas, an organ located just behind the
stomach.
•Whatever substances are not assimilated
into the bloodstream through the small
intestine move into the large intestine. Within
the large intestine, waste material is
processed into stool (feces), and water and
certain chemicals are absorbed into the
bloodstream to preserve the body's fluid
balance.
Digestive System Animation
The Digestive System (cont)
The tract includes several hollow organs
•The mouth
•Esophagus
•Stomach
•Small intestine
•Large intestine
•each of which has a specific function in digestion. The muscles of these
organs move the food through the system, while mucus lubricates the
tract and prevents irritation. The liver and pancreas are also critical
organs in digestion. While not an essential organ, the gallbladder is
involved in digestion as well.