Transcript The Evolution of Audiology

Audiometry and
Hearing Disorders
SPA 4302
Summer 2007
The Evolution of Audiology
• “_________”=audire (Latin=to hear) + logos (Greek=the study of)
• Post-World War II—military aural rehabilitation centers for veterans.
• Scope of practice grew with changing technology
• Educational requirements moved from
– Bachelor’s degree
– Master’s degree (1960’s)
– Doctor of Audiology (1990’s)
• Audiologist—an individual who “is uniquely qualified to provide a
comprehensive array of professional services related to the assessment
and habilitation/rehabilitation of persons with auditory and vestibular
impairments, and to the prevention of these impairments” (American
Academy of Audiology, 1997)
Licensing and Certification
• Practice of audiology is regulated through license or
registration in ______ states
• Regulation ensures:
– Audiologists have met a minimum level of educational
preparation
– That a minimum of continuing studies is maintained to ensure
competency remains current
• To obtain licensure:
– Complete a prescribed course of study
– Acquire a minimum of 350 hours of clinical practicum
– Attain a passing score on a national exam in audiology
• Certification is ___________________– Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC-A) through ASHA
– American Board of Audiology
Prevalence/Impact of Hearing Loss
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___ million people have hearing impairment
___ million are regularly exposed to hazardous noise levels
___ million have permanent noise-induced hearing loss
6 out of 1000 children are born with a hearing impairment
By age 6, ___% of US children have had at least one ear infection
Frequent ear infections can significantly impair speech and language
development and academic performance
• For older adults, hearing loss can impact personal relationships and
is related to overall poor health, decreased physical activity, and
depression
• Northern and Downs (2002)—for a 1 year-old child with severe
hearing impairment and average life expectancy of 75 years, the
economic burden can approach $__ million
Audiology Specialties
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Medical Audiology
____________ Audiology
Pediatric Audiology
Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology
__________ Audiology
Where do we work?
• Almost __% of audiologists ID themselves as
direct clinical service providers
• Most audiologists work within a medical
environment (physician’s office, hospitals, etc.)
• The most rapidly growing setting is private
practice (largely due to the development of the
____)
• Other settings:
– Schools, College/University, Speech & Hearing
Center, Residential Home Health Care, Industrial
Professional Societies
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
(ASHA)—first professional society for audiologists
(1947)
• American Academy of Audiology (AAA)—founded in
1988
• Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology
• Academy of Dispensing Audiologists
• Educational Audiology Association
• American Auditory Society
• Hearing Loss Association of America
• Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf
Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear
Inner Ear
Pathways of Sound
• ______ Conduction—sound travels through the
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and neural
pathways
• ______ Conduction—sound bypasses the outer
ear and middle ear by vibrating the skull
mechanically and stimulating the inner ear
directly
AIR
CONDUCTION
Bone
Conduction
Types of Hearing Loss
• ________ Hearing Loss
– Hearing by air conduction will be impaired, but
hearing by bone conduction will be normal
• __________ Hearing Loss
– Hearing by air conduction and bone conduction will
be impaired
• __________ Hearing Loss
– Hearing by air conduction and bone conduction will
be impaired, but hearing loss will be greater by air
conduction
Hearing Tests
• Early tests that provided little information:
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Clapping the hands
Making various vocal sounds
Ticking of a watch
Clicking 2 coins together
Tuning Fork Tests
• First used in the 19th Century
• Tuning forks emit a pure tone at a specific frequency
__________ Test—hearing sensitivity of a patient vs. that of the
tester
_________ Test—patient’s hearing sensitivity by bone conduction vs.
by air conduction
_______ Test—hearing by bone conduction with/out occlusion
_______ Test—lateralization of bone conducted tone:
unilateral sensorineural hearing loss-- heard in better ear;
unilateral conductive hearing loss – heard in poorer ear