Transcript the global novel transboundary source of coastal ecosystems` pollution

PLETENEV S.S., LAPSHIN V.B., GONCHARUK V.V.*,
KOLESNIKOV M.V., SMIRNOV A.N., SYROESHKIN A.V.
THE GLOBAL NOVEL TRANSBOUNDARY SOURCE OF COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS’ POLLUTION: METHODS OF MONITORING AND
MINIMIZATION OF DAMAGE TO HUMAN HEALTH OF THE SEA
MEGAPOLISES
State Oceanographic Institute
Moscow
Russia
Contents of Presentation
• Overview of State Oceanographic Institute
• Novel transboundary source of coastal ecosystems’
pollution
• The mechanisms of marine aerosols formation
• The mechanisms of SML enrichments by pollutants
• Pollution of marine aerosols by heavy metals, arsenic and
oil hydrocarbons (Russian part of Black sea)
• The methods (routine and new ones) for monitoring of
novel transboundary source of coastal ecosystems’
pollution
• The methods and approaches for minimization of damage
to human health of the sea megapolises
State Oceanographic Institute (SOI)
•
Total staff number – 140 persons. Total scientists /
engineers number – 120 persons.
• The Year of establishment – 1943.
• Main research technologies fields: marine and costal
environmental monitoring (including monitoring of
pollution), marine hydrology and marine
hydrometeorology, mouth and estuary hydrochemistry and
hydrology monitoring, satellite observation.
• SOI is the head marine institute in the research and
environmental control system of the Russian Federal
Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring of the
Environment.
Excellent research achievements of
SOI
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The discovery of the novel global transboundary source of coastal ecosystems’
pollution (the theme – “Toxicity of marine aerosols”) and development of the
new approaches for monitoring for minimization of damage to human health
of the sea megapolises
The unabridged edition of in many volumes the full descriptions of Russian
sea (meteorology, hydrology, hydrochemistry, pollution, conditions for marine
bioproductivity)
The discovery of existing in water solutions the giant heterophase clusters of
water
The creation of methods for frog condensation and dissipation
The creation of approaches for prevention of the icing up of roves
The observation of the new aspects of solar corpuscular radiation influence on
Earth global climate
The development and application of new model for description of evolution of
marine and coastal oil spills.
Structure of SOI
Director
Deputy Director
Deputy
Director
Deputy Director
Depart. of
metrology
Lab of marine
estuary
Lab of ebb
and flow
Engineer.
Academic council
Lab of hydrology
Lab of waves
service
Lab of monograph’s
preparation
Lab of
pollution
databases
Lab of
satellite
and
subsatellite
observation
Group of
fogs and
icing
Lab of applied
hydrochemistry
and analytical
chemistry
Group of Anal. Chem.
“Water” Group
Group of marine
aerosols
Group of water
toxicity
Council for Ph.D. thesis and thesis for a Doctor's degree (oceanology,
geoecology)
Chemical Lab of SOI
Collaboration in Black sea researches
(2002-2005)
Financial supporting: Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (RFBR), Federal
programme “World Ocean” (through IORAS), UNDP projects
Institute of Oceanology, RAS
RPFU, Medical faculty
State Centre for hydrometeorology
(SOCHI, “ЦГМС ЧАМ”)
Research centre for Toxicology,
Russian ministry of health (Serpuhov)
Novel transboundary source of
coastal ecosystems’ pollution
Reverse flux
column water - sea surface
microlayer (SML) - aerosols
Heavy metals, Al, As in marine aerosols of Black,
Mediterranean and White sea
Black sea 2003
Black sea 2004
1000
Mediterranean 2003
White sea 2004
100
í ã/ ì
3
ng per
m3
10
1
Al
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cu
Zn
0
0
As
Cd
Pb
Heavy metals, Al, As in marine aerosols of Black,
Mediterranean and White sea
The mechanisms of marine
aerosols formation:
1) bubbles breaking,
2) direct wind-waves interaction,
3) spontaneously aerosols generation by
undisturbed water’s surface
Surface microlayer (SML)
1.
Gas emissions from bottom
sediments
1.
Chemical composition of
aerosols is similar to SML
2.
Gas emissions from living
organisms
2.
A large drop return to
surface
3.
Waves breaks and “wind’s
capture”
3.
Small drops (aerosols) may
be captured by wind flow
The mechanisms of SML
enrichments by pollutants
Mechanisms of SML chemical
composition formation
1.
Routine Langmuir enrichment of phase boundary (water-air) by SAC and
hydrophobic compounds including detergents and oil hydrocarbons
2.
Enrichment due to convections of particle matter. The type of convection is
depended on type of particles (size, form, charge etc). Particles usually contain
different toxicant (heavy metals, As, biotoxins, oil etc.)
3.
These processes result in high
*concentration of pollutants in SML
*non-stationary multilayers structure
The main types of convections in SML
Rayleigh’s convection
“Driving forces” of
convections:
DT
DE
Thermal neutrons flux
Anisotropy heterogeneous
convection
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
V(мм/с)
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,04
0,06
0,08
V(мм/с)
0,10
0,12
The structure of column water
• The fundamentals of new
LALS application – the
existence of giant clusters of
water
The visualization of water structure
(mode 2 of the laser device) 2x2 mm
15
The image of
water
10
%
The image of
ddw
5
0
1
10
мкм
100
Size spectra of giant
clusters of water
•
The example of Sea Surface Microlayer (SML) fine structure analyzes
and toxic marine aerosols generation
Fine structure of SML and some
pollutants localization
0-200
m
0-1000
m
Colum
“Old” emulsion of
oil hydrocarbons
Pb,
Cd
,
As
4 miles
0-200 m
200-1000 m
oil hydrocarbons
column water
bottom
2 miles
0,5 miles
10
2
10
1
10
0
0
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
объемная вода
1-мм ПМС
аэрозоль
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Cd
Pb
Fe
10
-1
10
-2
200-мкм ПМС
SCH
Al
Cr
Ni
Pb
10000
1000
100
мкг/л
10
-1
10
10
1
0,1
0,01
Al
Cr
Ni
Pb
Pollution of marine aerosols by
heavy metals, arsenic and oil
hydrocarbons (Russian part of
Black sea)
Azov Sea
Expedition’s
region
Black Sea
Black sea 2003
1000
ng/ m
3
100
Black sea 2004
Meditterenean 2003
White sea 2004
Heavy metals, Al, As in marine aerosols of Black,
Mediterranean and White sea
10
1
Al
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cu
Zn
0
0
As
Cd
Pb
Heavy metals in marine aerosols near Sochi
before and after storm
(maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for air of plants - red arrows)
100000
ng / m
3
10000
1000
100
10
1
Al
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cu
Zn
0
0
As
Cd
Pb
10000
Al
1000
100
10
1
0,1
ng / m
3
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Cr
1000
100
10
1
0,1
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Mn
1000
100
10
1
0,1
0,1
1
10
altitude, m
100
1000
10000
Ni
1000
100
10
1
0,1
ng / m
3
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Cu
1000
100
10
1
0,1
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
1000
100
10
1
0,1
altitude, m
Zn
10000
Ni
1000
100
10
1
0,1
ng / m
3
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Cu
1000
100
10
1
0,1
10000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
1000
100
10
1
0,1
altitude, m
Zn
100000
ng/m
3
saturated oil hydrocarbons
10000
1000
100000
0,1
1
10
1000
polyaromatic O.H.
3
ng/m
100
10000
1000
0,1
1
10
100
1000
Oil hydrocarbon in aerosols of
different origin
mg/m3
Marine aerosols - 0-40 (Black sea - very seldom event,
Mediterranean and Finland Gulf - every day)
City aerosols (Moscow) - 0 (0 = < 0,5 mg/m3 )
Terrestrial aerosols (russian coastal zone of Black sea, Neva bay,
Caucasian mountains) - 0
Time-dependent variation of heavy metals and Al in
marine aerosols
(coastal sampling, 2 m alt., Golubaya bay (Geledzshik))
10000
1000
Al
Ni
нг/м
3
Zn
100
Cr
10
Cd
1
0,1
10.06
10.06
13.06
14.06
15.06
23.06
29.06
30.06
01.09
Spatial distribution of heavy metals and Al in
marine aerosols
from Novorossiysk to Adler (<10 miles from coast)
1000
Al
100
ng / m
3
Ni
10
Mn
Cu
1
Cd
0,1
Cr
Novorossiysk
Arhipovo-Osipovka
Lazoevskaya-Sochi
Adler
Spatial distribution of heavy metals and Al in
marine aerosols
from Gelendzshik to open sea (south direction) 0-100 miles f
Al
1000
1000
Fe
100
ng / m
3
Mn
100
Zn
Ni
Cr
10
Pb
10
1
1
As
Cd
Cu
0,1
0,1
0
20
40
miles
60
80
0
20
40
miles
60
80
Toxicity of marine aerosols
1) Medical trace element studies
2) Cell biosensor assay
3) Direct inhalation of SML probe
in aerosol’s camera
4) Monitoring of adenoviruses as
markers of air pollution
Relative (normalized to Al) element profiles in
different aerosols and human blood
m
t
i
g
0,20
marine
0,18
terrigenous
terrestial
0,16
0,14
Moscow
0,12
blood
0,10
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0,00
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cd
Pb
Toxicity of SML and aerosol filtres' extract
for cell biosensor
10
-5,6
9
ln (1/L)
8
L, min
Еа=70 кJ/mol
-5,8
-6,0
7
6
-6,2
5
-6,4
4
26
27
28
29
30
o
t, C
31
32
33
34
3,26
3,28
3,30
1000/T, K
-1
3,32
3,34
Conclusions
• All artificial and nature pollutants in the sea may to return
in human beings with marine aerosols
• Very dangerous (!): Destruction of marine biocenosis lead
to increase of marine aerosols toxicity due to biotoxins
concentrations in SML (US programme “Marine
biotoxins”)
• The men with asthma, allergic diseases, tuberculosis may
to rest in marine coastal zone only after expert estimation
of marine aerosols’ toxicity
The methods for monitoring of
novel transboundary source of
coastal ecosystems’ pollution
1. Aerosols sampling – up to 20 m3 per hour,
transmission factor of filters <1.0% for 0,17 m
particles
2. SML sampling – capillary sampler (fixed thickness
SML sampling) and Garret sampler
3. Element assay – graphite Zeeman AAS with acid
microwaves probe’s preparation
4. Oil hydrocarbons assay - gas-liquid capillary
chromatography, IR-spectrometer, UV-fluorometer
5. Express water quality control: LALLS and laser
interferometer
6. Size spectra control – laser diffraction particle sizer
10
1
10
0
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
I -морские
аэрозоли
Marine
aerosols
II
III
IV - терригенные и
городские арозоли
Terrestrial aerosols
10
-4
Cr
Mn
Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Cd
Pb
Size spectrum of aerosols from different sources
marine
terrestial
terrestrial
marine (without wind)
particles per litre
1000
100
10
1
2
1
2
4
m
6
8
4
3
No of channels
10
The new technology of the surface marine
water express monitoring using LALS and
new data on the water structure
• Key technologies, methods and equipment
Know-how – the new technology for LALS image analyzes for
computation of size spectra, the new technology for giant water
structure visualization
Methods of quantitative water structure (size spectra of giant water’s
clusters – chemical composition relation
Own pre-production model of LALS equipments with own original
software
Own patent SML sampler for sampling of the fixed thickness layer
• Strong points of SOI in the project:
more than 20 years experience in practical marine pollution’s
monitoring experience, 15 years - in SML researching, 5 years - in
water structure investigation
participation in creation of Russian metrology standard for dispersed
system (suspensions, emulsion, aerosols etc)
Application Areas
• Complex marine water’s pollution monitoring
• Sweet water’s pollution monitoring
• Monitoring of the novel transboundary source of air
pollution in coastal zone and open sea (the “reverse way” –
sea column water – SML – marine aerosols)
• Determinations of identity and quality control of water
solutions like as springs, drinks or drugs
• “Trivial” particle sizer’s analysis
Technology Description
• Technology target:
The determination of sea water quality using size spectra
and relaxation times of the giant heterophase water clusters
• Expected results:
The technology will allow to provide express monitoring
of surface marine water with possibilities to obtain
advanced data on SML structure
• Output: The model of new two-mode laser device with
original software and new technology for express
monitoring of water pollution including with such
consequence as marine aerosols pollution
• Scheme of Technology
• Sampling of the sea SML of fixed thickness
• Analyzes the probe for description of suspensions using LALS (1st
mode of the device) and laser projector (2nd mode of the device) for
obtaining of particles’s size spectra, concentration and their
hydrophilic behavior
• Analyzes the probe using laser projector (2nd mode of the equipment)
for description of suspensions
• The filtering of the probes and using 1st or 2nd mode of the device for
obtaining of size spectra of giant water clusters and image analysis of
their arrangement
• The comparison of obtained results with normal standard sea water,
standards for different salinity, temperature etc and computer database
of changing in the presence of different pollutants
Technology Description
• The fundamentals of new
LALS application – the
existence of giant clusters of
water
The visualization of water structure
(mode 2 of the laser device) 2x2 mm
15
The image of
water
10
%
The image of
ddw
5
0
1
10
мкм
100
Size spectra of giant
clusters of water
Technology Description
The mode 1 of the laser device
- LALS
n
100
f
135
rad
del1
del2
ro ( i)
 0 1
 0 0
del1  1.3 10
n
 0 1
5
 0 0
del2  1.414
n
bet( i)
 0 0
s
for x  1  i
s
s
del2
 0 0
s
for x  1  i
s
s
del1
f 
0
0 0.459
1
0.635
1 0.635
0.877
2 0.877
1.21
3 1.21
1.661
4 1.661
2.281
rad  5 2.281
3.132
6 3.132
4.32
7 4.32
5.913
8 5.913
8.1
9 8.1
11.205
10 11.205 15.39
11 15.39
21.06
Technology Description
The examples of size spectra of giant
water’s clusters in different probes of sea
water
0.371428
0.4
0.3
K5
i
0.2
0.1
3
2.367536 10
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
i
60
70
80
90
100
99
Technology Description
The mode 2 of the laser device – laser projector/ 2D laser refractometer
1 – laser. 2 – lens.
3- water solution.
4 – подставка.
5 – oobject. 6 –
screen.
7 – object’s image.
The examples
of 2nd mode
of the laser device
Technology
Description
application
1) for particle hydrophilic
behavior analysis
2) for analysis of arrangement
of giant water’s clusters in SML
and column water
The methods and approaches for
minimization of damage to human health of
the sea megapolises
1) Routine monitoring with system of forecasting and operative tracking
cleanliness of air [Bugaev S.N. et al., 2003] of coastal ecosystems and
megapolises
2) National and international regulation of maximum permissible sea and river
burials (new Russian rules for seas have made by SOI), including dispersed matter
3) Monitoring and information system (in progress)
4) International co-operation (for example “Black sea aerosols” (possible)
5) Direct prevention of very dangerous aerosols flux in local area
(device for aerosols dissipation (and condensation) was created in SOI and worked
in airport “Bykovo” and on japan mountains road)
Routine monitoring with system of forecasting and operative
tracking cleanliness of air [Bugaev S.N. et al., 2003] of
coastal ecosystems and megapolises
1) The system of verification of the source of aerosols origin
(marine, terrestrial, city) based on element profiles (Al and
d-element) (fig. 2), size spectra and data of marine bacteria
transfer (PCR-detecting).
2) The new approaches for sea surface microlayer sampling
using as Carret screen as new capillary multiplayer sampler
with sampling of fixed thickness of SML.
3) Complex of laser methods for estimation of water and
aerosols dispersions.
4) The complex of models about water surface’s aerosol
generation and aerosols’ transfer.
The main components of monitoring system developing by SOI of the novel transboundary
source of pollution of the coastal ecosystems and the diminution of damage to human health
of sea megapolises are:
The information monitoring system filled up in real time behind sources of receipt of hazard substances in the
sea environment (river drains, sewage and city waste-water, bottom sediments, marine biotoxins etc.).
2.
Information and analytical system of tracking for the processes of receipt, mixture and dilution the
hazard substances, including the hydrodynamic description of evolution of the pollutants in the sea
environment of coastal zones.
3.
Information system of tracking filled up in real time for the utilizations of hazard substances
(volital, mechanical evaporation (marine aerosols), precipitation (bottom sediments), biological consumption,
etc.)
4.
Development of the subsystem about the accumulation of volumetric hazard substances in
subsurface layer taking into account hydrodynamical, physical, hydrochemical and hydrobiological processes
(gravity and capillary and heterogeneous convections, describing the subsurface layer’s enrichment due to the
new transfer mechanism). The quasi-stratified structure of subsurface layer with the differentiated level-bylevel separately accumulation of hazard substances will be quantitatively described. Based on the data on 2-D
laser refractometry the coupled processes of mass and energy across interface of ocean and atmosphere will be
first described .
5.
The development of the subsystem describing the mechanism of marine aerosols’ generation due
to wind-wave interaction of atmosphere and ocean (the main source of the marine aerosols is the 1-mm
subsurface layer enriched by hazard substances).
6.
Information and analytical system of tracking for the processes: transport and mixing of marine
aerosols with terrestrial ones (with additional enrichment by hazard substances due to water evaporation from
aerosol particles).
7.
The subsystem for the estimation of toxicity of the polluted marine aerosols on coastal ecosystems
and human health of sea megapolises (sanitary and medical aspects).
Thank you for attention!