Transcript history of marine biology

The Science of Marine Biology
Latitude/longitude system
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Developed by Greeks
Latitude = east-west
Longitude = north-south
In degrees
• 1 degree=60 minutes
• 1 minute = 60 seconds
• Latitude lines never intersect so called
parallels- 0*parallel = equator
• Longitude lines called meridians- 0* meridian
goes through the Royal Naval Observatory in
Greenwich, England (the prime meridian)
• Other cultures such as Egyptians,
Pacific Islanders, the Vikings and Arab
traders also studied the oceans as well
• Early explorer video
• Polynesians underwent the earliest
known regular long-distance, openocean out of sight of land voyages
Middle Ages (800 A.D -1400)
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A time of “intellectual darkness”
Become an illiterate society
Believed Earth was flat
Only European voyages were Vikings
Viking Explorations
(790 A.D. – 1100)
• Established trade routes with Britain,
Ireland, Southern Europe, North Africa,
and Central Asia.
• Discovered Iceland, Greenland and
North America (Newfoundland, Canada)
• Contributed to European ship design
Chinese Explorations
• Invented the magnetic compass (1125)
• Traded with Korea, Japan, and Australia
• Contributed central rudders and
watertight compartments to ship
building
European Explorations (1400-1700)
• Renaissance period- centered in Italy
• Ocean expeditions were conduced for
economic, political and religious
reasons
James Cook and the Birth of Marine
Science
• An English sea captain
• One of the first to make scientific
observations on his travels and to
include a full time naturalist
• Beginning in 1768, he explored all of the
oceans
• Used the chronometer- an instrument
that helped to determine his longitude
and latitude and make accurate charts
• First European to see the Antarctic and
to land in Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti
and other Pacific islands.
• Killed in 1779 in a fight with native
Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay Hawaii
Charles Darwin
• English Naturalist on the Beagle -1831
• Described atolls- rings of coral reef
• Studied plankton and barnacles
United States Exploring Expedition
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1838-1842
The “Wilkes Expedition”
2 out of 6 ships returned
Confirmed Antarctica was a continent
Explored 280 islands
Collected 2,000 unknown species
video
Matthew Maury- Father of Physical
Oceanography
• US Naval Officer
• 1834-1841 3 world tours
• 1842 appointed superintendent of Dept of
Charts and Instruments of the Navy
department
• Began publishing his work
• His system for recording oceanic data was
adapted worldwide especially his studies of
currents and winds
The Challenger Expedition- British
• First expedition entirely devoted to
marine science- 1872 to 1876
• Sailed 80,778 miles
• Report took 23 years to complete
• Discovered the Mid-Atlantic ridge and
the Marianas Trench
• Took the first soundings deeper than
4000 meters
• Discovered marine organisms in the
deepest part of the ocean
• Sampled and illustrated plankton
• Catalogued and identified 715 new
genera and 4717 new species
• NASA named space shuttle after it
Oceanography Explosion
• Due to Industrial Revolution and the
advancement of technology
• Rise of steam engines and iron ships
• Development of the diesel engine, electric
motor and lead-acid battery lead to the
development of submarines
• Wealthier countries = more research $
therefore applied research increased
dramatically as well as pure research
• The Cold War and global conflict fueled
scientific discovery
Important 20th Century Expeditions
• German Meteor expedition- 1925
• One of 1st modern oceanographic research
cruises
• Crossed Atlantic 14 times in two years
• Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echosounding technology- 1st one of its kind
• Atlantis expedition- U.S.- 1931
• 1st ship built specifically for ocean studies
• Confirmed and mapped the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge
• Space shuttle named after it
• New H.M.S. Challenger II- 1951
• 2 year voyage to the Atlantic, Pacific
and Indian oceans
• Found deepest part of ocean (the
Challenger Deep) in the Marianas
Trench- 10, 838 meters
RV Flip
SUBMERSIBLES AND SELFCONTAINED DIVING
Submersibles
• 3 basic types
• 1. Bathysphere- developed by William
Beebe and Otis Barton in the 1930’s
• Steel ball with a window and an umbilical
• Only went vertically- attached by a cable to
a ship
• 1932 Beebe and Barton reached 661
meters
The bathysphere (1930)
• 2. Bathyscaphe
• Similar to bathysphere except it was
attached to a large float instead of to a
cable and ship
• Limited horizontal motion because of
propellers
• Deepest diving submersibles ever made
• Trieste traveled to the bottom of the
Challenger Deep
• 3. Deep-Diving submersibles
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2-3 person vessels
Moderate to deep depths
Good horizontal movement
No float tanks
Less fragile
Robotic arms
Alvin most famous-discovered the TitanicJason Project- operated by Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institute (US Navy)
Johnson Sealink Submersible
• Advantages of submersibles
• Great depths
• Duration of dives are longer
• Disadvantages of submersibles
• Very expensive
• Need of support vessels and diving teams
• Very large, so not able to have access to
many places
Self-Contained Diving
• 1st was hard-hat (helmet) divingEnglishman named Augustus Siebe1840
• Good for underwater labor, not good for
research because it was heavy and
required a support team and vessel
NOAA, US Monitor
427 ft in Lk Michigan
• Englishman Henry Fleuss introduced the first
workable scuba in 1878
• Recirculated pure oxygen which is only useable to
a depth of 10 meters or 33 ft
• Frenchman Jacques Cousteau and engineer
Emile Gagnan developed the scuba system
used today in 1943
• Delivers compressed air and only provides it when
the diver inhaled
• Easy to use, lightweight, simple, little support
needed
• Advantages of SCUBA
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Less expensive
Very simple- don’t need a team
Portable and small
More dexterity
• Disadvantages of SCUBA
• Usually limited to about 40-50 m (130-165
ft)-compressed air and to about 150 m with
synthetic breathing gases
• Duration is smaller due to cold, pressure,
and fatigue
Hardsuits - 1913
• In between a submersible and scuba
• More protection from temp. and
pressure
• More mobile than submersibles
• Deeper dives
• Expensive
• Also need some team support as well
ROVs, AUVs, Electronic Navigation,
and Satellites
ROVs
• “Remotely operated vehicle”
• Small unmanned submarine with
propellers, video camera and an
umbilical
• Operator at surface
• Can have arms, claws and other tools
AUVs
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“Autonomous Underwater Vehicle”
Untethered robotic device
Self-contained power systems
Controlled by an attached computer
Maneuverable in 3 dimensions
Electronic navigation
• 1st was LORAN (Long Range Navigation)1960s
• Developed into Loran-C- based on radio
signals from the coast- needed to triangulate
to get ships position
• Accurate within a few meters
• But only worked where Loran transmitters
were located
• Accuracy depended on distance from
transmitter
Satellites – sea surface observations.
a) Satellites orbit the Earth and assist
oceanographers with global
observations of the oceans.
b) Satellites assist oceanographers in
understanding the influence and
effect of the oceans on the global
climate systems.
c) Information gathered from satellites
helps to validate computer models
that numerically simulate climatic
events.
1) Three types of sea surface
observations made by satellites
o benefit oceanographers:
a) Provide long-time continuous
measurements of variables
such as sea-surface height,
shape, temperature, and
color over the entire planet.
b) Can detect algae blooms and
river plumbs, monitor
pollution, and assist
oceanographers in
understanding the influence
and effect of the oceans on
the global climate system.
c) Scientists can look at large
areas of ocean in a very short
time.
GPS
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“Global Positioning System”- 1990s
Developed by U.S. Military
Receives signals from satellites
Accurate within 1-2 meters