Transcript Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management

Ocean and Coastal Challenges:
Societal Responses
Toward
Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management
Outline...
• We live in an ocean and coastal world
• Ocean and coastal challenges
• Management Solutions
– Coastal zone
– Ocean areas
– Integrated coastal management
• Summary
We live ocean and coastal
world…
What would you say are the most
important ocean and coastal
management challenges we face as
we begin the 21st century?
Critical Coastal Issues
• Sprawl and its impacts
• Nonpoint pollution
• Species and habitat
protection/ restoration
• Recovering fisheries
• Public access
• Mitigating natural and
technological hazards
• Adapting to climate
change
• Developing nonrenewable resources
• Balancing private
property rights with
public interest
• Revitalizing cities, while
protecting character
• Social equity
• Homeland security
• Interactions among
these and other issues?
* Coping with increasing numbers of people
disproportionately settling in coastal areas
World population: past estimates and high, medium,
and low fertility variants, 1950-2050 (billions)
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population
Prospects: 1998 Revision.
Sprawl in Charleston, South Carolina
Metro area will grow 2.5X between 1994 and 2030
* Controlling pollution runoff from the land
* Protecting and restoring marine and coastal
habitats and biodiversity
California sea lion
Rockfish on Heceta
Banks off Oregon
Salmon River estuary
salt marsh restoration
* Recovering depleted stocks of marine fishes
2002
Pacific ocean perch
Status of assessed groundfish stocks (PFMC)
Are “no-take” fishery areas necessary?
* Providing the access to beaches and coastal
waters that the public demands
Neskowin, Oregon
* Reducing our vulnerability to natural and
human-caused hazards
“The Capes” landslide
New Carissa oil spill
Property
damage up…
why?
Deaths
down…
why?
U.S. hurricane damage and deaths in the twentieth century (Pielke 1997 as
adapted from Hebert et al. 1993).
* Adapting to climate variability and long-term
global change
Beach replenishment
Protect the coast? Gradual retreat? Abandon?
* Developing nonrenewable ocean resources
while protecting renewable resources
* Balancing private property rights with public
interests and rights
* Revitalizing the urban coast
and promoting access and
water-dependent shoreline
uses
* Respecting and protecting
community character,
uniqueness, and culture as
we grow
* Promoting social and
intragenerational equity and
justice in managing coastal
lands and resources
* Homeland security and coasts - data,
ports of entry, terrorist acts, etc.
 Managing coastal and ocean areas, uses,
and resources, complicated by…
• Complexity of the ocean & coastal
ecosystems and resources
• Differences in ownership and control
of coastal and ocean areas
• Sector-by-sector management
approach using single-purpose regimes
• Built-in jurisdictional conflicts among and within sectors
and governmental levels (national, state, local)
• Overall fragmentation of ocean and coastal
governance
Ownership and Jurisdiction in Coastal and Ocean Zones
Increasingly public, expansive, and regulated
Deep Seabed
& High Seas
Exclusive
Contiguous Territorial
Territorial Tidelands
Economic
Zone (1999) Sea (federal) Sea (state)
Zone (EEZ)
(1988)
(1953)
(1983)
>200 nm
3-200 nm
12-24 nm
3-12 nm
200 nm
24 nm
12 nm
No Exclusive
Ownership
Federal
Resource
Rights
Federal
Control
Updated Spring 2001
Federal
Resource
Rights
Federal
Control
0-3 nm
3 nm
Territorial Sea
Federal
State
Ownership
Ownership
Federal
Control
State
Federal
Control
Wetlands
Uplands
MLW-MHW MHW-AVL >AVL
0 baseline
Mixed State Mostly
& Private Private
Ownership Owned
Mostly
Private
Qwned
Local
State
Federal
Local
State
Federal
Local
State
Federal
How are we addressing these issues
today?
What more needs to be done in the
future?
U.S. National Coastal Management
Policy and Programs
• Coastal Zone Management Act (1972 as amended)
• Clean Water Act: §401 Cert., 403 NPDES, 404, 319
NPS, National Estuary Program
• Marine and coastal protected area programs , e.g.
–
–
–
–
National Marine Sanctuaries
National Estuarine Research Reserves
National seashores and recreation areas
Fish and wildlife refuges
• Federal habitat restoration programs, e.g.
– NOAA programs: NMFS, NOS damage restoration
– Corps dredged material habitat creation
* Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature
U.S. National Coastal Management
Policy and Programs (continued)
• Natural hazards mitigation and assistance
– National Flood Insurance Program
– Federal Disaster Assistance Programs
– Federal shore protection programs
• Development incentives and disincentives
– Infrastructure programs (transportation,waste
treatment)
– Coastal Barriers Resources Act (1980) undeveloped barriers
*Fragmentation of federal coastal policy a key feature
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
National Marine Sanctuaries (13 sites)
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
U.S. Coastal Management Program:
Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)
• Voluntary partnership
– All eligible states/territories
participate
• Incentive-based
– Federal assistance $
– Federal consistency
• Section 303 policy goals:
(1) preserve, protect, develop, restore
(2) encourage state management
(3) special area management plans
(4) public & federal agency participation
&
State Coastal Management Program
Approval Status as of January 2002
34
1
N/A
Operating the coastal program
Management processes and tools
PROCESSES
• Land use and special area
planning
• Public Involvement
• Education
• Dispute Resolution
TOOLS
• Resource inventory and
assessment
• Zoning & development permits
• Exclusion areas or building setback
zones
• Marine protected areas
• Acquisition, easements, and
development rights
• Regulation of activities in special
areas
• Mitigation of damage
• Nonregulatory restoration
Oregon’s Major Wetland and
Deepwater Habitat Systems
Source: USGS 1996
Components of Oregon’s
Coastal Management Program
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•
•
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LCDC Statewide Planning Goals
Local city & county comprehensive plans
Specified state statutes & authorities
Oregon Ocean Plan & Territorial Sea Plan (OPAC)
State agency coordination agreements
Federal consistency provisions
Goal 16: Estuarine Resources
To maintain
environmental and
development
diversity within each
estuary,
management units
must be designated
consistent with the
overall estuary
classification
Natural
Conservation
Development
Oregon Estuary Planning Outcomes
Management Unit Designation Summary
140,000
120,000
Development
Conservation
Acres
100,000
Natural
80,000
60,000
2%
8%
34%
81%
64%
11%
40,000
20,000
0
Intertidal (wetland)
Subtidal (deep water)
Aggregated Estuarine Habitat Types
Historic Wetland Losses in the
San Francisco Bay Region
San Francisco Bay Coastal Program
Trends in Permitted Wetland Loss
Wetlands Lost per year
Acres per year
10,000
2,300 ac.
1,000
100
20 ac.
4 ac.
10
1
1940-65
1966-86
1987-91
Louisiana’s Major Wetland and
Deepwater Habitat Systems
Source: USGS 1996
Louisiana Trends in Permitted Tidal
Wetland Impacts
3,000
2,500
Wetland Loss (acres per year)
2,000
* Approximately 90% loss reduction
1,500
1,000
500
0
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
(Louisiana Department of Natural Resources data)
Ocean Resources Management in the
U.S. Today: Principal Regimes
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State-Federal Relationships and Jurisdiction Offshore
Living Resources Management
Nonliving Resources Management
Waste Disposal and Management
Prevention and Clean-up of Oil Spills
Multiple Use Ocean Management Initiatives
Characteristics: uncoordinated, fragmented, singlepurpose
Jurisdictional Boundaries
2.3 million square
miles of “new” U.S.
territory
Established by Presidential Executive Order, 1983
Problems with the present US ocean
governance regime...
• OCS oil and gas development standstill
• Fisheries overcapitalization and overfishing in the
wake of “Americanization”
• Paralysis in US aquaculture development
• Species and habitat protection conflicts
• Continued degradation of nearshore water quality
• Global climate change impacts
• Power-sharing disagreements - no means for dispute
resolution
• Lack of intra- and intergovernmental coordination
Solutions: Toward a more Integrated
Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM)
“…a continuous and dynamic process by which
decisions are made for the sustainable use,
development, and protection of coastal and marine
areas and resources.”
Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998
GOALS
• Develop institutions designed to overcome
fragmentation
• Recognize distinctive interrelated nature of the coast
and nearshore ocean area
• Promote policy harmonization & consistency of
decisions
Solutions?
Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management (ICM)
“…a continuous and dynamic process by which
decisions are made for the sustainable use,
development, and protection of coastal and marine
areas and resources.”
Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998
GOALS
• Overcome fragmentation
• Promote consistency in decision making
• Recognize distinctive, interrelated nature of the coast
and nearshore ocean area
Pew Oceans Commission
• Final report released June 4,
2004
• Recommendations
– Governance for Sustainable Seas
– Restoring America’s Fisheries
– Preserving Our Coasts
Cleaning Coastal Waters
– Guiding Sustainable Marine
Aquaculture
– Science, Education, and Funding
http://www.pewoceans.org/
Goals of Oceans Act of 2000
• Establish a commission to make
recommendations for coordinated and
comprehensive national ocean policy
that will promote:
– Protection against hazards
– Responsible stewardship
– Environmental protection and
prevention
pollution
Goals of Oceans Act of 2000
– Commerce, conflict reduction and
sustainable use
– Research including
climate change
– Advancement of education and
training
– Technological innovation
– Public and private sector cooperation
– Preservation of leadership role
– Foreign cooperation
Summary
• The world, the US, and other nations and
states face many difficult ocean and coastal
problems
• Existing management efforts are fragmented
and poorly implemented and enforced
• A more integrated ocean and coastal
management is needed nationally and
globally to reverse trends in resource decline
and quality