Transcript Development of Practices for Ecosystem

Development of Practices for
Ecosystem-based Fishery
Management in the United States:
the North Pacific
CAPITOL HILL OCEANS WEEK
JUNE 9-10, 2004
David L. Fluharty
School of Marine Affairs
University of Washington
FOCUS ON FISHERIES AND
ECOSYSTEMS
1996 SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES ACT MANDATES ECOSYSTEM
PRINCIPLES ADVISORY PANEL – REPORT TO CONGRESS 1999
1999-2004 DRAFT BILLS FOR MSFCMA REAUTHORIZATION CALL
FOR ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
2004. MANAGING OUR NATION’S FISHERIES: PAST, PRESENT
AND FUTURE. D. Witherell, Ed. Proceedings of a Conference
Washington. D.C. Nov. 13-15, 2003.
2004. CHESAPEAKE BAY FISHERIES ECOSYSTEM PLAN
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
FISHERY MANAGEMENT
“USING WHAT YOU KNOW
ABOUT THE ECOSYSTEM
TO MANAGE FISHERIES”
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
FISHERY MANAGEMENT
IS NOT
ECOSYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
PREREQUISITES OF
ECOSYSTEM-BASED MGT.
• EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF FISHERIES
BY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• ABILITY TO ENFORCE REGULATIONS
• ABILITY TO MONITOR HARVESTS INCLUDING BYCATCH
• ABILITY TO CONTROL CAPACITY TO
FISH
U.S. OCEAN COMMISSION
REPORT 2004
“REFINE THE EXISTING FISHERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM…. TO
STRENGTHEN THE USE OF SCIENCE
AND TO MOVE TOWARD A MORE
ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT
APPROACH.”
Example: Alaska Groundfish
ALASKA REGION ASSESSMENT
Witherell, D., C. Pautzke and D.
Fluharty. 2000. An ecosystem-based
approach for Alaska groundfish
fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine
Science, 57:771-777.
Pat Livingston, Alaska Fisheries
Science Center, Seattle, WA
Alaska Groundfish Programmatic SEIS
ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES
ALASKA “What’s Different?”
• INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND
MANAGEMENT FOR CONSERVATION AND
ALLOCATION/ SCIENCE-BASED MGT.
• CAP ON TOTAL HARVESTS
• CONSERVATIVE CATCH LIMITS
• BYCATCH ACCOUNTING
• INDUSTRY FUNDED OBSERVER PROGRAM
• FISHERY MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
• BAN ON FORAGE FISH HARVEST
Ecosystem Measures and Influences
Closed Areas
Status
Catch
Levels
Gear
Effort
Management
Physical
Forcing
INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND
MANAGEMENT
• SCIENTIFIC AND STATISTICAL
COMMITTEE PERFORMS PEER
REVIEW – COUNCIL ACCEPTS ADVICE
• 1995 ECOSYSTEM CHAPTER IN
ANNUAL STOCK ASSESSMENT
FISHERY EVALUATION REPORTS
• 1996 ECOSYSTEM COMMITTEE
ESTABLISHED
ECOSYSTEM STATUS: Physical Environment
and Links to Production
Pa c ific De c a d a l O sc illa tion
4.00
PDO
3.00
5-m o n th ru n n in g m e a n
15-m o n th ru n n in g m e a n
2.00
0.00
- 1.00
- 2.00
- 3.00
Ye a r
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
- 4.00
1900
Index
1.00
CONSERVATIVE CATCH LIMITS
AND BYCATCH ACCOUNTING
Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Groundfish
Harvest Limits 1981-2003
25
20
15
10
Biomass
ABC
5
TAC
0
81 83 85 87
89 91 93 95
97 99 '01 '03
Alaskan Groundfish Stock Status 2002
F2001/FMSY
2.0
over
1.5 over
1/2
BMSY
EBS
P-Cod
1.0
GA Sable
GA Pol
no
0.5
over
GA
POP
GA P-Cod
AI POP
EBS Pol
A
Mack
0.0
0.0
0.5
overfishing
not overfished
1.0
FMSY
no overfishing
not overfished
GA Thorny
EBS YF Sole
EBS
EBS
EBS
R Sole
O Flats
Turbot
EBS F Sole
EBS Arrow
GA Arrow
1.5
2.0
B2001/BMSY
2.5
3.05.0
FISHERY MANAGEMENT
MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
• APPROXIMATELY 25% OF
CONTINENTAL SHELF IN BERING SEA
CLOSED TO TRAWLING
• APPROXIMATELY 60,000 SQ.N.MI.
Steller Sea Lion Protection
Measures
• 1990, Sea lions listed as
Threatened-closures
around haulouts and
rookeries
• Seasonal and spatial
apportionment of pollock,
cod, and mackerel from
1991
• Prohibition on forage fish
harvest 1997 -• Additional Area/fishery
closures in 2001
IMPLEMENTATION - EFH
• FULL LIFE-CYCLE APPROACH
• IDENTIFY EFH [100 % OF AREA]
• MEASURES MUST MEET STANDARD TO
MINIMIZE TO EXTENT PRACTICABLE
EFFECTS OF FISHING ON HABITAT
[MITIGATE EFFECTS THAT ARE MORE THAN
SIGNIFICANT/ NOT MORE THAN
TEMPORARY]
IMPLEMENTATION - NEPA
STELLER SEA LION EIS 2002 [AWARD
FOR EXCELLENCE]
ALASKA GROUNDFISH PSEIS 2004
9 VOLUMES + EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
7000+ PAGES WEIGHT 41.5 LBS. 19 KG
ECOSYSTEM –BASED MGT.
POLICY ADVICE
•
•
•
•
CHANGE BURDEN OF PROOF
APPLY PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE
PURCHASE “INSURANCE”
LEARN FROM MANAGEMENT
EXPERIENCE
• USE INCENTIVES TO ACHIEVE GOALS
• PROMOTE FAIRNESS AND EQUITY
EXPECTATIONS
• FISHERIES WILL CHANGE UNDER
ECOSYSTEM-BASED MGT.
• FISHERIES WILL BE MANAGED FOR
ABUNDANCE NOT SCARCITY, I.E.,
LOWER HARVEST RATE FROM HIGHER
BIOMASS
• LESS FISHING CAPACITY AND
EMPLOYMENT BUT HIGHER INCOME
AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY
EXPECTATIONS [CONT.]
• PRACTICES WITH HIGH HABITAT
IMPACTS REPLACED BY ALTERNATE
FISHING TECHNIQUES
• GREATER USE OF SPATIALLY EXPLICIT
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
• RESTRICTIONS ON FISHERIES TO
ACCOMPLISH OTHER GOALS, E.G.,
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
ECOSYSTEM-BASED
APPROACHES ARE BEING
DEVELOPED
NOAA FISHERIES TECHNICAL
GUIDELINES 2004
PILOT PROJECTS FUNDED 2004+
NEW ENGLAND
MID ATLANTIC
SOUTH ATLANTIC
GULF OF MEXICO
MICHAEL SISSENWINE. NOAA FISHERIES, DIRECTOR OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
AND CHIEF SCIENCE ADVISOR