Transcript Oceans

Oceans/Marine Biology
By Ms. Avery
8th grade Science
What do humans need to survive?
(answer on paper)

What is necessary for humans to live?
 Where do humans get the things they need to
survive?
 What sort of impact do you think would happen if
any one thing needed for survival was no longer
available? More than one?
 How are nutrients and minerals used by the
human body?
What does the Ocean need to survive?
(answer on paper)
 What
are some things that live in the
ocean?
 What do these life forms need to survive?
 What would happen if these nutrients or
minerals were not available?
 What is the connection between humans
and living things in the ocean?
Oceanic Animal categories
(write on paper)
 Plankton:
small organisms
 Nekton: free swimming

Ex. Dolphins, seals, sharks, fish
 Benthos:

attached or near to ocean floor
Ex.: Coral, starfish, seaurchins
Ocean Life Zones
(write on paper)
 Intertidal:
(Benthos and some nekton):
Coastline (beach) ex. Crabs, small fish
 Neritic Zone (Nekton and some Benthos):
Coral Reefs, Kelp Forests, Salt marshes,
Estuaries ex. Coral, starfish, clown fish
 Oceanic: Open Ocean (Nekton)
ex. Sharks and whales
 Deep Sea: 1000m and below ex. Giant
octopus, giant squid, angler fish
Classification
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
 On
paper write at least 2 facts from each
of the next 4 slides (classes,
plankton/benthos, fish and sharks/rays,
and marine mammals)
Ocean Animal Classes
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Osteichthyes-bony fish
Chondrichthyes- sharks
and rays
Mammals—whales,
seals, dolphins, walrus,
otters, polar bears, sea
lions
Birds- penguins, sea
gulls, etc.
Reptilia- sea snakes, sea
turtles
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Cnidaria-jellyfish, sea
anemones
Molluska-whelk, clam,
squid, octupus
Phylum Arthropodahorse shoe crabs, blue
crabs
Protista- dinoflagellates,
diatoms
Echinodermata-sea
urchins, sand dollars star
fish
Plankton and Benthos Animals
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Plankton
Benthos

Autotrophsmake own food
Heterotrophs
-eat food
Phytoplankton”plantae”
and some
plant-like
protists
Zooplankton“Animalia”
Some are babies
And develop into
Bigger animals.
Others spend whole
Life as plankton

Attached or near
ocean floor
Includes: Cnidaria
(coral, sea
anemones), Molluska
(whelk, squid, clam,
oyster), Arthropoda
(horseshoe crab, blue
crab)
Plankton and Benthos
Fish and Sharks/Rays

Osteichthyes (bony
fish)



Free swimming-nekton
Ex. Flounder,
clownfish, rainbowfish,
seahorse
Heterotrophs-eat

Chondrichthyes
(cartilage)




Free swimming-nekton
Ex. Sharks and rays
Heterotrophs-eat
Made entirely of
cartilage
Fish, Sharks, and Rays
Marine Mammals
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2.
3.
Free swimming/land dwelling-nekton
Heterotrophs-eat
Give live birth, mammary glands, hair or
fur, breathe Oxygen (use blow hole if live
life in water
Orders: 1. Carnivora (polar bears, sea
otters, seals, sea lions, and walruses)
Sirenia (manatee, dugong)
Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
Marine Mammals
Ocean
Environments/Habitats
On paper write at least 2 facts
about each type of environment
Rocky Shoreline vs. Beach
shoreline
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Rocky Shoreline:
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Intertidal zone
Mainly benthos but some
nekton
Changes in salinity,
temperature, and water
levels
Hard substrate to be
attached to
Rough wave action

Beach Shoreline:
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Intertidal zone
Almost all benthos, few
nekton
Some land/air creatures
(ex. Ghost crabs, sea gulls)
Changes in salinity,
temperature, and water
levels
Soft substrate (can’t really
attach)
Usually light wave action
Floating Docks
 Some
benthos and nekton
 Intertidal
 Changes in salinity, temperature, and
water levels
 Hard substrate to attach to
 Wave action from boats
Salt Marshes and Estuaries

Salt Marsh
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Neritic zone
Higher salinity levels
Along coast
Changes in water
levels and
temperatures
Nurseries for baby fish
High levels of nutrients
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Estuary
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Ex. Bays
Neritic zone
Mixture of fresh and
salt water
Along coast
Changes in water
levels and temperature
Nurseries for baby fish
High levels of nutrients
Coral Reef and Kelp Forest
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Coral Reef
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Hot
Neritic
Nekton and benthos
Coral (tiny animals) deposit
limestone which forms
reef—also add to it when
they die—animals and
plants grow and live on the
reef
Delicate balance, diverse
life forms
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Kelp Forest
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Cold
Kelp is a protist
Clear, semi-shallow water
Can get up to 40 m deep
Animals that live here are
nekton and benthos
neritic
Nutrient rich
Coral Reef and Kelp Forest
Arctic/Polar
 Cold
 High
salinity in water because of glaciers
 Melting/freezing habitat
 Nutrient rich waters
 Mainly nekton (not much for benthos
animals to attach to)
 Intertidal/Neritic
Open Ocean
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Cool
Nekton
Mainly fish
No shelter
Many large predators
Deep Sea
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High pressure
Dark
 Cold
 Lots of nutrients from dead organisms that sink from
surface
 Nutrients from hydrothermal vents (hot here)
 Low dissolved oxygen
 Nekton with a few benthos around vents
***Hydrothermal Vents: Depend on chemosynthetic
bacteria (not plankton)
-Hot
-High Pressure
-Deep
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food Webs
 Includes
water and land animals
 Fresh and salt water
 Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear
 Write your own example
 How would water pollution effect the food
chain?
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Food
Webs
 Includes
water and land animals
 Can be Fresh and/or Salt water
 Ex. Plankton---little fish---seal---polar bear
Write your own example (both land and
water)-on your paper
 How would water pollution effect the food
chain you created?
Chemicals and Minerals
Dissolved Gases
Molecule
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GASES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE and
the amounts of them
dissolved in ocean
water:
*Note: This includes
all four forms of CO2
Percent in Equilibrium
atmospher concentratio
n
e
in seawater
(mg/kg)
N2
78%
12.5
O2
21%
7
Ar
1%
0.4
CO2
0.03% 90*