Transcript Global Fishing Issues .(English)

Global Fishing Issues
Organization
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1. Introduction
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
1. Introduction and Organization
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Fundamental Global Fisheries Problems of:
1. Excess fishing capacity
2. Degraded and overexploited ecosystems
3. Overfished resource stocks
Inter-related problems
Different disciplines emphasize different aspects
But multi-disciplinary and multi-pronged
approaches required
No single “magic bullet” solution
1. Introduction and Organization
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1. Introduction and Organization
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
2. Trends in World Fisheries and
Their Resources: 1974-1999
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Sources:
FAO “Trends in World Fisheries and Their Resources: 19741999,” in The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Part 3
Pauly et al. “Towards Sustainability in World Fisheries,” Nature,
Vol. 418, 8 August, 2002, pp. 689-695
Daniel Pauly, * Villy Christensen, Johanne Dalsgaard, Rainer
Froese, Francisco Torres Jr., “Fishing Down Marine Food Webs,”
Science,Vol. 279, February 6, 1998, pp. 860-863
Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) Meeting on Management of
Tuna Fishing Capacity: Conservation and Socio-Economics,
Madrid, March 14-18, 2004
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Big increases in effective fishing effort
since WWII
Increases in vessel numbers and sizes
 Rapid technological advances
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Industrial-scale fishing
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Trawling, purse seining, long-lining
Small-scale or artisanal
Shallow tropical waters for food fish and
shrimp
 Compete with industrial-scale shrimp trawlers
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How large is the global capture
fish market?
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Current FAO global figures for fiscal 2000
• 94.8 million tonnes landed globally*
• First-sale value = $81billion US*
QuickTime™ and a
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* Source: FAO SOFIA 2002 report (table 1).
Global landings slowly declining since late 1980s, by about
0.7 million tons per year (Pauly et al.)
Global consumption of seafood
products has doubled over the past
30 years, driven by population
growth and rising income levels.
 The United States, European Union,
and Japan are the "Big Three"
consumers for 80% of all seafood
traded internationally.
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In the past 35 years, the number of
people fishing in the world has
doubled and most of the growth has
taken place in Asia due to the
growth of aquaculture and poor
government enforcement of
restrictions on over-fishing.
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An annual average of 7.3 million tons of
fish is thrown back into the sea dead or
dying because they are damaged, of the
wrong species, under the legal landing
size, or over a vessel's quota of fish.
This figure is believed to underestimate
the number of marine mammals, turtles,
and seabirds also caught as by-catch.
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Aquaculture has become the fastest
growing food production sector in the
world
Now accounts for over 30% of all fish
consumed.
Most of the increase has occurred in Asian
countries, with China producing 70% of
the global total of farmed fish.
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It takes up to 3 pounds of wild
anchovies or mackerel to feed and
create 1 pound of farmed salmon or
shrimp.
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Based on 2000 estimates, oceanrelated activities directly contribute
to more than $117 billion to the
American economy and support well
over 2 million jobs, including
maritime trade, offshore oil and gas
operations, and the fishing industry.
Global trends vis-à-vis MSY since 1974 (FAO)
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Percentage of stocks at MSY level slightly
decreased
Percentage of stocks exploited below MSY
decreased steadily
Percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY has
increased
 From about 10% in early 1970s to nearly 30%
in late 1990s
Many stocks without information
Global trends vis-à-vis MSY since 1974 (FAO)
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond
MSY levels in North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond
MSY levels in North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
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Increasing proportion of stocks exploited beyond
MSY until late 1980s or early 1990s
In North Atlantic, situation has improved and
stabilized in 1990s
In North Pacific, situation has remained unstable
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond MSY
levels in tropical (Central and Southern) Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans
Trends in percentage of stocks exploited beyond
MSY levels in tropical (Central and Southern)
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
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Growing percentage of stocks exploited beyond
MSY in both tropical oceans
Deteriorating situation, with possible exception
of tropical Atlantic, where stabilization might
have started
Status of Stocks in 1999 (FAO)
Status of Stocks in 1999 (FAO)
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In 1999, vis-à-vis MSY
4% of stocks underexploited
 21% moderately exploited
 47% fully exploited
 18% overexploited
 9% depleted
 1% recovering
 In sum, 72% of stocks at or above MSY level
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Myers and Worm (Nature 2003) claim that the world’s oceans have lost
over 90% of large predatory fish as compared to their pre-1970’s levels.
FAO takes a much more conservative view, but agrees that “an increasing
number of fisheries are either fully exploited or over-exploited.”
Fishing Down Food Webs
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The mean trophic level of the species groups
reported in Food and Agricultural Organization
global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to
1994.
Globally, trophic levels of fisheries landings
appear to have declined in recent decades at a
rate of about 0.1 per decade,
This reflects a gradual transition in landings
from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous
bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level
invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish.
Fishing Down Food Webs
This effect, also found to be occurring in
inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the
Northern Hemisphere.
 Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower
trophic levels) leads at first to increasing
catches, then to a phase transition
associated with stagnating or declining
catches.
 These results indicate that present
exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
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Status of Tuna Stocks (FAO)
Global Catches (mt) of Tunas
4000000
2000000
Global Tunas
1000000
1997
1991
1985
1979
1973
1967
1961
1955
0
Year
mt
3000000
Trends in the catch of the principal market
species of tunas by ocean
Trends in the world catch of tunas by species
Trends in the catch of tunas from the Pacific Ocean
Abundance of Pacific Tunas
Integrated models
1
0.9
7,000,000
0.7
5,000,000
0.6
Yellowfin
4,000,000
Year
6,000,000
Bigeye
3,000,000
0.5
0.4
Albacore
0.3
2,000,000
0.2
1,000,000
0.1
0
1940
19
52
19
55
19
58
19
61
19
64
19
67
19
70
19
73
19
76
19
79
19
82
19
85
19
88
19
91
19
94
19
97
20
00
0
Japanese longline CPUE
70
1.60E+
60
1.40E+
40
30
Yellowfin
1.20E+
Bigeye
1.00E+
Albacore
Biomass (t)
50
8.00E+
6.00E+
20
4.00E+
10
2.00E+
0
19
52
19
55
19
58
19
61
19
64
19
67
19
70
19
73
19
76
19
79
19
82
19
85
19
88
19
91
19
94
19
97
20
00
CPUE (kg per 100 hooks)
Adult biomass (t)
0.8
0.00E+
Trends in the catch of tunas from the Atlantic Ocean
Trends in the world catch of bluefin tunas
Organization
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1. Introduction and Organization
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems
and Biodiversity
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Source: Pauly et al.
Organization
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1. Introduction and Organization
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
4. Aquaculture
Organization
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1. Introduction and Organization
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
5. Root Causes of Problem
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1. Expanding derived demand for resources
and increased productivity of exploitation
Ultimately, excessive population, advanced
state of technology for resource exploitation,
and demand for high standard of living
Until tackle these ultimate sources of high
derived demand for resources, will have
terrestrial and oceanic environmental problems
Are addressing symptoms in some sense
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2. Ill-structured and incomplete property
rights
Open access
 Incomplete international institutions
 External costs and market failure
 Don’t pay full economic costs of resource
exploitation
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• Including user cost of resource stocks
• Including ecosystem services
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Leads to excess capacity, ecosystem
degradation, overfishing
Economic concepts of opportunity costs,
trade-offs, and all costs and benefits
 Trade-offs between between oceanic and
terrestrial ecosystems for level of resource
exploitation and ecosystem “health”
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No free lunch
Opportunity cost to preserving oceans lies on
greater reliance on terrestrial ecosystems
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Monoculture, simplistic terrestrial food webs,
genetically modified foods, pesticides,
herbicides, chemical fertilizers to raise yields
 Great grain-growing areas of world, like Great
Plains, have devastated ecosystems as bad
anything facing oceans
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Human diets comprised more of plants and
less of animals
 Eating lower on the terrestrial food chain to reduce
derived demands for resources
Organization
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1. Introduction and Organization
2. Trends in World Fisheries and Their
Resources: 1974-1999
3. Fisheries Impact on Ecosystems and
Biodiversity
4. Aquaculture
5. Root Causes of Problem
6. Comprehensive Conservation and
Management
6. Comprehensive Conservation
and Management
No single answer for multi-faceted
problem of excess fishing capacity,
ecosystem degradation, and overfishing
 Also case-by-case
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Property rights when appropriate
Individual or effective common property
On catches, resource stocks, fishing effort, or
areas
 Catches: flows from resource stocks
 Areas: TURFs in most developed form
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Largely developed countries
More difficult with complex multispecies fisheries
Critically difficult to apply in developing countries
Enforcement and monitoring key problems
2. Strengthen international environmental
agreements for high seas and straddling
stocks
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Problems derive from common stocks, which
migrate over expansive areas of the world’s
seas
Strengthen the authority for regional tuna and
other international organizations
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Give authority to deal with economic and social
issues
Including the authority to assume and assign
property rights in the fisheries
Establish permanent global body to coordinate
regional commissions
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Start management with limited entry
• Moratorium on fleet growth
• Must deal with new entrants (allowed under int’l law)
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Strengthen management with annual vessel-level
catch limits
Assigned to individual vessels rather than to flag
states
Better if catch quotas are transferable property right
• Their purchase addresses new entrant issue
• Esp. coastal developing country nations
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Trade restrictions for compliance and enforcement
Vessel decommissioning scheme
3. Limited access (entry) programs
“everywhere” there isn’t effective property
rights regime
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Highly attenuated property right
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Especially developing countries
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Particularly exclusive use
Difficult to apply property rights approach
Complex multispecies fisheries in tropics where
output controls and rights ineffective
Typically, combine with limits on one or more
inputs (e.g. vessel length)
4. Judicious use of vessel decomissioning
and buy-back programs
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In developed countries, more short- to mediumterm measure to restore profitability
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People behave very differently when fishery is
profitable.
Rights-based systems are not possible (e.g. number
of players is too high)
When fishery (at industry level) is not profitable due
to excess capacity
Good supplement to marine protected areas
In developing countries, more difficult to
implement
5. Taxes on fisheries to raise cost of fishing
and decrease input usage, fund
management, vessel buy-backs, etc.
Opposite of subsidy
 Substitute for property rights solution in
some instances
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Especially high seas, complex multispecies
fisheries, international trade
6. Eliminate external costs to make
consumers and producers bear full costs of
consuming seafood
 Eliminate
subsidies
 Taxes on both producers and
consumers
 Incidence depends on elasticities
(relative strengths)
7. Comanagement
Comanagement reshapes, “…the state
interventions so as to institutionalize
collaboration between administration and
resource users and end those
unproductive situations where they are
pitted against one another as antagonistic
actors in the process of resource
regulation.” (Baland and Platteau, p. 347)
 Artisanal fisheries in developing countries
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8. Judicious use of marine protected areas
and marine reserves
Especially in critical habitats like
spawning areas, rookeries, nursery and
pupping grounds, coral reefs, beaches
and nearshore for turtles, etc.
 Provide insurance scheme for resource
stocks and biodiversity
 MPAs don’t address ill-structured property
rights and excess capacity
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8. Judicious use of marine protected areas
and marine reserves
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By themselves, MPAS tend to actually
aggravate excess capacity problem in
remaining open areas
Have to couple with programs to reduce fishing
capacity
Controversy whether MPAs increase resource
stock sizes outside and by how much and which
species
9. Technology standards
Improved gear
 Reduce incidental mortalities and bycatch
 (e.g. TEDs and circle vs. J hooks for sea
turtles)
 Reduce ecosystem degradation (e.g.
trawl)
 Mesh sizes and designs for escapement
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10. Eco-labeling, certified
fisheries, trade restrictions
 Useful
in some instances
 More case-by-case basis
11. Small-Scale / Artisanal
Fisheries
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Eliminate harmful harvesting practices
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Dynamite, cyanide
Reserve nearshore fishing grounds and
keep out larger-scale
 Less destructive gear (e.g. mesh sizes)
 Create employment opportunities outside
of sector
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11. Small-Scale / Artisanal
Fisheries
Create employment opportunities outside
of sector
 Enhance value-added from postharvesting activities
 Stop increasing investment and
technological change through aid
programs, etc.
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Increases fishing effort on resource stocks
already over-exploited
12. Judicious reliance on
aquaculture
Not panacea
 Primarily only economically feasible for
high-valued species
 Derived demand for fish meal from fish
species lower down on food web
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E.g. anchovies, sardines
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Recognize true opportunity costs, trade-offs, and
costs and benefits
 Full costs include
 Ecosystem degradation for coastal shrimp aquaculture in
mangrove swamps
 Genetic mixing with wild species (salmon)
 Diseases
 Seed stock and feed still primarily from wild
 Don’t substitute aquacultured for wild species
 Even feeding salmon soybean meal simply shifts problem to
monoculture agriculture in degraded terrestrial ecosystems