Transcript Open Ocean and Deep Ocean

• The uppermost layer of the world's oceans is bathed in
sunlight during the daytime.
• photic zone, euphotic zone (euphotic means "well lit"
in Greek) or the epipelagic zone (epipelagic means
"upon the sea").
• The depth of this zone depends on the clarity or
murkiness of the water.
• Photosynthetic organisms live in this zone and
food is abundant.
• Photosynthesis in the oceans creates approximately
90% of the Earth's gaseous oxygen.
• produced by phytoplankton.
• primary producers (autotrophs)
• The sea surface temperatures range from as 97°F
(36°C) in the Persian Gulf to 28°F (-2°C) near the
north pole.
•Primary producers – phytoplankton, green
red and brown algae, and kelp
• Primary consumers – zooplankton, small fish
•Secondary consumers – larger fish, baleen
whales, jellyfish, marine mammals
• Top of the food chain – killer whales,
dolphins, sharks
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Stay within a physically tolerable zone
Find enough food to eat and grow
Find mate(s) and successfully reproduce
Avoid being eaten
Noctiluca (Sea Sparkle)
•large buoyant vacuoles
Cranchiid (Glass squid)
* large fluid-filled
chamber filled with an
ammonia solution
Flat surfaces or bodies with
appendages do not slip as
easily through the water
Janthina (violet snail)
mucous bubbles
Fish - swim bladder
Pectoral fins reduce sinking.
allows organisms to go deep
and then return to surface
Build a collection device or filter
Hunt in groups
Orcas can even
hunt much larger
whales
BE BIG!
• You can eat almost anything
you encounter
• Can swim across “ocean
deserts” to find food
• High storage capacity
(longer between meals but need
more food/unit time)
Know where your food will be
Hunt in areas with specific
properties (e.g. upwelling regions
or inside gyres) likely to retain or
attract prey
Cue in on timed migration of
prey
Stay with your food Seabirds follow
schools of fish
Broadcast spawning
Release of millions of eggs &
sperm increases chance that sperm
& egg will meet
Ex. oysters, coral
Stay together
schooling fish, social
marine mammals & deep
sea angler fish
Meet at a predetermined
location
If separated or too costly to stay
together (e.g. competition for
food), meet at a specific time &
place
Ex. Colonial sea birds and
Pacific salmon
Be clonal
Asexual
reproduction - no
mate needed!
Defend yourself
Mechanical
• Spines
• Tough skin
Chemical
• Taste bad
• Make
predators
sick
BE
BIG!
Big things have
fewer
predators,
especially in the
marine
environment
Be Cryptic
• Be transparent
• Be reflective
• Be camouflaged
• Be countershaded
• when an animal is light on its underside and dark on its
upper parts.
• When a predator looks down at a countershaded
animal, it blends into the darker waters; when a
predator looks at a countershaded animal from below,
the light underbelly disappears into the light.
• Regions of the deep ocean
200m
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
The Midnight Zone
1000m
Bathypelagic
The Twilight Zone
4000m
Abyssopelagic
6000m
The Abyss
The Trenches
Hadalpelagic
• The physical characteristics that deep sea life must
contend with to survive are:
• abiotic (non-living) ones, namely light (or lack thereof),
pressure, currents, temperature, oxygen, nutrients and other
chemicals; and
• biotic ones, that is, other organisms that may be potential
predators, food, mates, competitors or symbionts.
• All these factors have led to fascinating adaptions of
deep sea life for sensing, feeding, reproducing,
moving, and avoiding being eaten by predators.
Pressure
• For every 10m (33ft) pressure increases by 1atm (14.7
pounds per square foot)
Lack of Food
• 5% of food made at surface makes its way to deep
regions
• Deep sea fish do not migrate
Oxygen Minimum Layer: about 500m
• Oxygen enters ocean by: gas exchange with
atmosphere, by-product of photosynthesis
• Respiration uses up O2
• O2 can drop to practically nothing
• The only light is produced by bioluminescence, a chemical
reaction in the creature's body that creates a low level
light.
• Some produce red light to lure curious prey.
• Sometimes used to signal potential mates with a specific light
pattern.
• Fish here are often transparent, black, silvery and even
red in color.
• The absence of red light at these depths being red makes them
invisible.
• Large eyes to capture what little light exists.
• Often equipped with a powerful sense of smell – to find
food and mates.
Deep sea anglerfish –reproductive adaptation.
• Males are tiny in comparison to females and attach themselves to their
mate using hooked teeth establishing a parasitic relationship for life.
• The blood vessels of the male merges with the female's so that he
receives nourishment from her.
• In exchange, the female
is provided with a very
reliable sperm source.
• Deep sea creatures have adapted to pressure by
developing bodies with no excess cavities, such as
swim bladders, that would collapse under intense
pressure.
• The flesh and bones of deep sea marine creatures are
soft and flabby.
• Corpses of large animals that sink to the bottom provide
infrequent feasts for deep sea animals.
• Large and expandable stomachs to hold large quantities of
food.
• Don't expend energy swimming in search of food, rather they
remain in one place and ambush their prey
• Large jaws ensure that any prey captured has little chance of
escape.
• Deep Sea Creatures Video
• Deep Sea Creatures
• Pictures
• Students will design their own well-adapted species. Some of
the things you need to
Create-a-Creature: Megasaurus
think about are how the
Finds a Mate
Stays Afloat
organism: collects food,
1)
1)
2)
finds a mate, avoids being 2)
eaten, and stays afloat .
• Sketch, color, and
Collects Food
Avoids being Eaten
describe the organism
1)
1)
2)
2)
you designed.
• EXTRA CREDIT FOR ADDITIONAL DEEP WATER
ADAPTATIONS