Transcript Introduction to Marine Science

NOTES MARINE SCIENCE UNIT 2:
INTRODUCTION TO MARINE SCIENCE
Unit 2 Objectives:
 Define Marine Science
 What are the four branches of oceanography?
 What are careers in the field of oceanography?
 Explain the history of oceanography including
contributions from various cultures and time periods
 List, identify, and describe common tools used in
oceanography
What is Marine Science
 __________________: Related to the sea or ocean
 __________________: Body of knowledge and an
organized method used to gain knowledge about the
observable universe
 Marine Science: Process of discovering facts, processes
and unifying principles that explains the nature of
______ and their associated life forms
 ________________ = Marine Science
aaronetto.blogspot.com
4 Branches of Oceanography
_________ Oceanography: (AKA Marine Biology) Studies
the diversity of _____ in the ocean and the ocean's role as
their habitat
2. _______________Oceanography: Studies the chemistry of
seawater and the affect of chemical reactions on oceans
3. ____________ Oceanography: Examines the composition
of marine sediments and __________ including undersea
volcanoes, seabed movement, undersea earthquakes, etc.
4. _____________Oceanography: Studies water movement
(waves, currents,_______________, etc.)
1.
History of Oceanography
 In class project...
 History of Seafaring People Keynote Options:
 Phoenicians
 Polynesians
 Greeks
 Egyptians
 Portuguese and Spanish
 Vikings
 Chinese
History of Oceanography
Rise of Seafaring: 5,000 BC to 800 AD
 5,000 BC Early civilizations interact with oceans to
obtain____________
 early evidence from primitive fish hooks and spears
 4,000 BC Earliest reference to voyage on a ship is
the story of Noah and the Ark...widely debated
rootsvt.com
History of Oceanography
EGYPTIANS
 -3,200 BC Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru brought 40 ships
from Phoenicia to Egypt
 -2,750 BC First recorded sea voyage for _____________
 (recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphics)
 -2,585-2,560 BC Egyptians built ______ boat with oars
and entombed the entire ship in the pyramid of Khufu
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/greatpyramid5.htm
History of Oceanography
POLYNESIANS
 -2,000-500 BC Polynesians routinely
crossed ocean over 1,000's of kilometers
in __________ made from tree trunks or
planks that were sewn together with
fiber rope and cracks sealed with tree
sap
 this is the earliest known regular long
distance _________ ocean travel
 in over 1,000 years they settled Fiji,
Tonga, Samoa, Hawaii
 used the north _____ and constellations
to navigate
southpacifichotels.travel
History of Oceanography
GREEKS
 Were the first to use mathematics to make sophisticated
___________ for seafaring
 Knew the earth was a _________, NOT flat
 Pytheas (about 400 BC)- Determined the Atlantic _____
are based on the phases of the moon and used degrees
north and south of the north star to navigate
 Eratosthenes (264- 194 BC)- Calculated the Earth's
circumference and invented the 1st
longitude/_____________ system
 Ptoleny (150 AD) - Mapped a portion of the Earth as a
sphere on flat paper and continued to improve longitude
and latitude grids into degrees, min, sec of the arc... we are
still using this today!
Longitude and Latitude System
 Imaginary grid_________used
to identify specific locations on
Earth
 Both longitude and latitude
lines are numbered in ________
and are further subdivided into
minutes and ________________
 Knowing longitude and latitude
can pinpoint a ___________ on
Earth
 ______________ is written first
and then followed by longitude
mrmeiners.wordpress.com
Latitude
 Latitude lines run ____________-west
 They never intersect and are called _________________
 0o parallel is the ___________ (the equator runs around
the Earth at its widest point)
 Parallels above the equator are called ________ latitudes
 Parallels below the equator are called ________ latitudes
Longitude
 Longitude lines run __________-south
 Begin at one pole and end at the other
 Sometimes called _______________________
 The 0o or ________________ meridian runs through
Greenwich, England
Practice Using Longitude and Latitude
 Pretend that you want to find the wreck of the Titanic...
 It's coordinates are 49o 56' 49'' W, 41o 43' 57''
 Those coordinates mean that 49 degrees, 56 minutes, and 49 seconds
west longitude and 41 degrees, 43 minutes, and 57 seconds north
latitude.
 Those coordinates will put you directly on the Titanic...
worldatlas.com
History of Oceanography
The Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)
 Europe is in the “____________ Ages”
 Fall of the Roman Empire
 People thought the Earth was ___________
 Except for ____________ there is little ocean exploration
 Vikings travelled the oceans from 790 A.D. to 1100 A.D.
when global warming freed the North Atlantic of ice.
 Explored, raided, and established __________ routes to
Southern Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Iceland,
Greenland, and the Americas
 Leif Eriksson landed in Newfoundland, __________
History of Oceanography
The Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)
 China
 1000 A.D. Invention of the magnetic _______________
 Ships with central _________________ and watertight
compartments
computersmiths.com
History of Oceanography
European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)
 European Renaissance (rediscovery) sparks new
interest in ocean _____________________
 1400’s Prince Henry of __________ searched for a route
to the East… didn’t make it but mapped out Western
__________ in the process
 1487 Bartholomeu _____ completes first voyage around
the Cape of Good Hope (tip of southern Africa)
 1497 Vasco de _____________ led the first voyage
around the Cape of Good Hope to _____________
History of Oceanography
European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)
 1492 Portuguese explorer Christopher _________ set out to
find a route to Asia and accidentally discovers the Americas
 1454-1512 Italian explorer ___________ Vespucci voyaged to
South America and is the first person to recognize the
“New World” as a separate continent
 1500’s Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of the
Panama and discovered the __________ Ocean on the other
side and was the first European to sail into the Pacific
 1519 Ferdinand ____________ led exploration to sail around
the _______ (he died but the 18 men from his crew that
survived finished the voyage)
History of Oceanography
Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
 Captain James ___________
(England) receives credit for
first sea expedition devoted to
_____________ oceanography
 John Harrison invented the
_____________

bridgemanart.com
1oclockgun.com
Made it possible to determine
longitude in open sea (latitude
was already calculated with star
sightings)
 Chronometer: ___________ or
watch that is not affected by
the waves or motion of the sea
History of Oceanography
Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
 ____________________ Expedition (United States) is
authorized by congress to explore the southern
Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean
 Travelled to Madeira, both coasts of South America,
Tierra del Fuego, many South Pacific Islands, Australia,
New Zealand, Hawaii, California, Oregon, the
Philipines, Singapore, and St. Helena
 Visited and proved the existence of __________________
 At their conclusion they had 19 volumes of maps, texts,
and illustrations documenting their discoveries as well
as many specimens of flora and fauna
Route of Wilke’s Expedition
clade.ansp.org
History of Oceanography
Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
 Father of _______________
Oceanography- Mathew
Maury
artworkoriginals.com
 US Naval officer that
discovered a world wide
pattern of surface winds and
_______________________
 1855 Published the first
________________ on modern
oceanography – The Physical
Geography of the Sea
oceanmotion.org
History of Oceanography
Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
 1831 Charles Darwin’s voyage on
the H.M.S. Beagle
 Published two important
scientific documents:


kobobooks.com
Structure and Distribution of
___________ ____________
The Origin of a Species – Outlines
his theory of natural selection and
___________________
History of Oceanography
Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
 The ______________ Expedition 1872
 Devoted entirely to marine ______________ exploration
 Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological
data as they documented____________, currents, water
chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments
 Some of the many accomplishments of this mission
include:
First __________________deeper than 4,000 meters
 Discovered marine organisms in the ______________part of the
ocean
 Identified 715 new genera and 4, 717 new____________
*NASA named the second space shuttle in honor of this expedition

Challenger Expedition
geology.uprm.edu
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science
 Many changes including the industrial revolution
occurred during this time some of the major
advancements include:
 ____________ engines and iron ships (allow sailors to travel
without being at the mercy of the wind and currents)
 _________________ (made possible by the inventions of the
diesel engine, electric motor, and lead batteries)
 Science and ________________________ feed each other as
funding from countries and private industry increases
 Technology needs for _______ also increase technology and
science
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science
 Three “super” important expeditions:
 German Meteor -1925

Mapped the Atlantic sea _____________ using echo-sound
technology
 Atlantis – 1931


First ship specifically built and designed for ocean study
Confirmed existence of Mid-Atlantic ______________
 Challenger II – 1951

Found the _______________ known part of the ocean located
in the Marianas ______________(10,838 m or 35,558 ft)
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science
 As a result of advances in science and technology the
20th century brought about many important _________
for studying oceanography (this list includes just a
few):
-Submarines
-Submersibles
-Self-Contained Diving/___________
- __________
-ROV’s
-AUV’s
-________________
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Until the 20th Century scientists studied the oceans
from above until the invention of the _______________
 There are 3 Types of Submersibles:
 Bathysphere
 ______________________
 Deep-diving submersibles
123rf.com
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Bathysphere: (1930’s)
Steel _________ with a
window connected to
the boat by an umbilical
that provided
communications and
power
 Limited because only
operated vertically and
was lowered and raised
by a __________ on ship
en.wikipedia.org
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Bathyscaphe: Sphere attached
to a large ____________ instead
of a cable and ship with a small
electric motor (operates like a
_________)
 The float contains fluid that’s
buoyant in water and a heavy
ballast – by releasing fluid or some
of the ballast the sphere could rise
or descend
 Limitations – difficult to operate
and ________________motion is
limited
en.wikipedia.org
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Deep-diving Submersibles: 2-3
_____________ submersibles that
that dive in moderate to deep
depths with excellent horizontal
maneuverability
 Less fragile that previous
submersibles and easier to
launch in rough seas
 Limitations – cannot travel as
_______________ as bathyscaphe
 Some are equipped with
____________ arms to grasp
samples or perform experiments
outside of the sub
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Self-Contained _____________:
en.wikipedia.org
 First equipment had hard hat that was supplied
air from the surface through a hose – this
equipment was heavy and hard to maneuver
Men of Honor Clip
 Scuba: Lightweight self contained system for
underwater exploration

1943 Jacques _____________developed scuba system
that used compressed air and was relatively
lightweight and simple
 Within 20 years, scuba was in use by the military,
scientists, and for recreation
 Hardsuits: Wearable submersibles
 ___________the diver from temperature and pressure
and are far smaller and more mobile than
conventional submersibles
webspace.webring.com
Comparing the use of Scuba and
Submersibles in Oceanography
Advantages
Disadvantages
Submersibles
Greater Depth &
Duration
High Cost
Large Size
Logistical
Complexity
Scuba
Simplicity
Portability
Low Cost
Limited Depth
Short Duration
*Today many scientists use both submersibles and scuba
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Remotely Operated
Vehicles (______): Small
unmanned submarines
with propellers, a video
camera, and an ________
to the surface
 Operated by __________
control
 Can have claws, robotic
arms, and other tools
 Used to explore the
wreck of the __________
sub-find.com
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV):
Untethered robotic devices that are controlled by
onboard _______________________
ysi.com
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Electronic Navigation:
 1960’s LORAN-C location
system was based on
transmitted ________ signals
and was accurate within a
few meters

Limits - would only work where
LORAN transmitters were
located and became less
accurate farther away from
transmitters
 Global Positioning System
(GPS) – Uses ____________
to determine and display
location within three – six
meters of accuracy
 Satellites: Objects that
___________ the Earth and
provide continuous
measurements of sea-surface
height, temperature, color,
pollutions, etc
tf.nist.gov
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Mapping the Ocean Floor with Echo
Sounding
To map the seafloor, scientists bounce a
beam of __________ __________off the
ocean bottom. Research ships moving
along the sea surface repeatedly “ping” the
seafloor with sound to map a continuous
line of seafloor elevations below.
http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/tools/sonar-multibeam.html
 Multibeam Bathymetry - The
Successor to the Single-Beam Echo
sounding
By sending out ________ beams of sound
simultaneously, research vessels can
collect data on a wide swath of the
seafloor, rather than a single line. So they
can map much ____________ areas during
a single cruise
History of Oceanography
Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
 Sea-_______: A new communications system
developed in 1995 to extend the _________ to ships at
sea
 Much more affordable than using satellites to relay
information