Transcript the qed of the atonement

EPISTEMOLOGY
WHAT CAN WE KNOW?
HOW SURE CAN WE BE?
DOES GOD EXIST?
ARE RELIGION &
SCIENCE IN CONFLICT?
THE Quantum electrodynamics,
Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. OF
THE ATONEMENT
THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF TIME
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The texts for this course are:
1. Handbook of Christian Apologetics: Kreeft &
Tacelli 1994, Intervarsity Press.
2. Mere Christianity, C.S. Lewis 1943, 1945, 1952,
Macmillan Pub. 1996 Touchstone edition.
3. APPROACHING ZION or TEMPLE & THE COSMOS
Hugh Nibley ?
4. The Logic Book errata, MIT open courseware.
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“Who can learn anything new and
not find it a shock?” John Wheeler
“I am persuaded that the future is not as
undetermined, and the past is not as determined as
commonly thought. Ultimately, history is as God
now remembers it to be. When we sincerely repent,
God forgives us and completely forgets our sins. We,
with God’s help, can repent and actually change our
past. This in turn changes our present, and our
future. Our future can be, but does not have to be.
The one that God intents for us. We are always
within God’s will. We may also do His will, being in
His will; being as He wills, is optional.”¹
Opening remarks: Welcome
Introductory class business:
Dr. BILL MILLS IS
•
•
•
•
The husband of one.
The father of 16 (including in-laws).
The grandfather of 8 so far.
A Christian Priest, Ecumenist, Theologian &
Apologist. A Physicist, and an International
Attorney.
• Committed to responsible epistemology.
• A positivist*
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IN OPPOSITION OR
IN HARMONY?
“Religion and science are
opposed…but only in the same sense
as that in which my thumb and
forefinger are opposed- and between
the two, one can grasp everything.”
Sir William Bragg
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IN OPPOSITION OR
IN HARMONY?
The Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum
electrodynamics, q.e.d. describes exactly how photons
interact with electrons in our physical world; such as
light sometimes shinning through a glass window &
sometimes reflecting back off of the glass.
The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. of the
Atonement describes exactly how the love of God
interacts with human sin through the Atonement of
Jesus Christ.
Both are physically real. Both describe physical reality
as anyone/everyone may personally, directly
experience it.
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I am not
• An official representative of the LDS
church.
• Inerrant, infallible, nor immune
from mere Scribner error.
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Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
Warm summer evenings in Greece in the 4th century B.C.
Democritus¹: 460-370 B.C. “Atomic system” wandering
lights in the night sky, (GK. “planetes”, “wanderers”).
Stationary grains of sand on the sea shore, (“atomos”,
“atoms” meaning “indivisible” or “unbreakable).
Aristotle: 384-322 B.C. The father of science. Knowing
the physical world inexorable leads to knowing the
existence of God & His qualities. (“physika”, “physics”, Gk.
“of nature”, “to bring forth”). Four elements, each with
their unique place & duty in the universe² Everything held
in it’s place, whether fixed or in motion, by eternal
natural laws, ordained by God.
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DARK MATTER & ENERGY OR
SPIRITUAL MATTER & ENERGY?
• Whatever one calls it, we now know that @ 96% of
the “Stuff”, mass¹ in the universe is not visible to us.
We only see the gravitational effects of 23%.
• Whatever one calls it, we now know that 73% is
energy¹ in the universe that is not visible to us. We
know that it is there because at scales larger than
galaxies it overcomes Gravity².
• It really is meaningless to try to distinguish between
physical & spiritual matter & energy. It is a
distinction without a difference. This makes them
the same⁴. It does not make either of them unreal.
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Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
1. Peter Abelard: 1079-1142 Si et non. The nature of
Canon, (Authority¹) & it’s limits.
2. William of Occam²: 1285-1349 Occam's two edged
Razor, (scalpel) : Canon + reason.
3. Galileo: 1564-1642 & Isaac Newton : (1642 -1727)
Canon + reason + Observation & experimentation.
4. Robert Boyle, 1627-1691: Experimental
epistemology.
5. John Locke: 1632-1704: Philosophical epistemology.
6. Immanuel Kant: 1724-1804: Pure reason.
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Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
A warm summer evening in Woolsthorpe,
Lincolnshire, England, 1665. Isaac Newton Jr. (1642 1727, noticed an apple fall from a tree. At arms length
the apple appeared about as big as the moon appeared
that evening. Newton wondered why the moon was not
also falling. His discoveries changed the world in many
ways! His discovery of the Gravitational Force ended the
age of materialism¹ & randomness. There was more than
“atoms and the void.” God did not need myriad angels to
push the moon & planets around². Similar natural laws
might govern everything, including mankind³.
Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
1. 57 centuries vs. 3 centuries.
2. Special & Natural revelation*.
3. An apparent conflict between them about
“what and how” is resolved by Newton,
(1642-1727) before it became popular:
• The Principia: The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, 1687: Discovering God’s
Laws neither limits Him, nor eliminates Him,
It gives us deep, profound insight into Him.
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Religion and Science:
Two Sides Of One Coin
The division between physical objects & laws
and spiritual objects & laws is a myth,
unrecognized by God, & great scientists
throughout history! Notice how often symbols
of spiritual laws, i.e. “π”,(the compass) “²“, ”³”,
“r²”, etc. appear alone, and in combination,
within so many, so called “physical” laws,
“discovered” millennia after the “spiritual”
symbols and laws had been revealed!
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Epistemology
What is Knowable?
• There are eternal, universal, unchanging,
objective Truths¹, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always!
• Three very different types of Truth (Facts):
1. Definitional: Bachelors are single because that is
how we define the word. Everywhere! Always!
2. Logical/Mathematical: 2 + 2 = 4! Everywhere!
Always!
3. Empirical/Existential: Water is H² O¹ & it’s triple
point is 0° C at one atmosphere of pressure!
Everywhere! Always!
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Things aren't always
what they seem:
1. What goes up must come down?
2. The Bigger they are, the harder & faster they
fall?
3. Does the sun rise in the East & set in the
West?
4. Is the chair you are sitting on solid & still?
5. Are you sitting on it at all?
6. Are your feet on the floor?
7. Is grass green?
But there are eternal, universal, unchanging,
objective Truths, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always!
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Objective vs. subjective truth:
Thinking, speaking & writing on this subject is often
muddled and/or unreasonable. Truth is not subjective if it
meets the criteria of slide # 11. Subjective truth arguments
are often the victim of circular reasoning. If Relativists claim
that all truth is subjective and therefore personal & relative,
than this set, “all truth” includes their own claims of universal
“subjective relativity” and the rest of humanity has no reason
to give any heed to it. Their arguments concerning their
universe being without objective truth says nothing at all
about my universe! If they have an argument about my
universe, (or our universe) that argument would need to be
objectively true. If they can objectively know this,
(Inductively reasoning from their subjectivity, first to mine,
then to universal subjectivity) at least one truth is objectively
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knowable and other truth may also be knowable.
Objective vs. subjective truth:
This would defeat their argument of universal subjectivity! This
assertion is also demonstrably false! (see slide # 11) What I
know & how sure I am that I know it is the object as well as the
subject of epistemology. It is silly nonsense to dismiss as
“subjective truth,” truth claims that one has not yet subjected to
rigorous tests of epistemological responsibility: “Your belief that
a man walked on the moon is only your subjective truth because
I don’t know that it’s true? The Nazi holocaust was immoral is
only your subjective truth because not everyone agrees?” The
whole purpose of epistemology is to rigorously test and
determine if one can know things and how certain one can be.
To dismiss something as “subjective truth” is to beg the
question and to deprive oneself of both the process & the
product of knowing! This is surely one of the defining qualities
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and one of the noblest attributes of humanity!
Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
“Some ideas are so bad, they are not even wrong.”
Enrico Fermi. “It is better to be wrong, than to be
vague.” Freeman Dyson.
1. Sense & Non Sense: “Canoes, pancake covered dog
houses, and ice cream that doesn’t have legs.”
2. Dogmatism & sorcery: Repeating things
authoritatively doesn’t make them true.
3. Magical/wishful thinking¹: Much of atheism and
materialism is magical and\or wishful thinking.
4. If you call a dog’s tail his leg²… your thoughts and
your words are muddled and wrong.
• Falsifiability: The truth claims of Christianity ³are
completely factual, testable, provable (Falsifiable).
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Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
1. Can I appeal to authority? Relying on a source
that we trust is the oldest and still by far the
most common way of knowing or making sure.
2. Can I reason through it? Does 2+2=4?
3. Can I observe it?
4. Can I experiment and test it? (Can I make
certain it is true?)
5. Can I “feel it” or “know it in my heart”?
6. Can God tell me it is true? (Can He make me
certain It is true?)
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Epistemology
How can I know Truth?
Can God tell me it is true?
Can I “feel it” or “know it in my
heart”?
Can I experiment and test it? (Can
I make certain it is true?)
Can I observe it?
Can I reason through it? Does
2+2=4?
Can I appeal to authority¹?
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Epistemology
How certain can I be?
Degrees of Certainty: Faith, Emotion, & Evidence.
1. Probable cause¹:
2. Preponderance of the evidence²:
3. Clear & Convincing:
4. Beyond a Reasonable doubt:
5. Beyond any doubt:
6. No genuine question of fact exists (Judicial notice):
Faith is not believing something or trusting some authority
against common sense or without evidence or some degree
of certainty. Faith is sticking to your evidence based
convictions, even when you are emotionally tempted to21
Epistemology
How certain can I be?
“Any measurement that you make (decision
that you come to) without knowledge of its
uncertainty is completely meaningless.” “A
measurement that doesn’t also indicate its
degree of accuracy is meaningless.”
“Knowing degrees of accuracy is critical to
so many things in our lives.” Dr. Walter
Lewin: FOR THE LOVE OF PHYSICS, 2011
pgs. x. ,8. (Parenthetical comment added.)
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Epistemology
How certain can I be?
No genuine question
of fact exists
Beyond any doubt
Beyond a Reasonable doubt
Clear & Convincing
Preponderance of the evidence
Probable cause
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SET THEORY
• Probabilities limited by the size of the set:
• Is the denominator of the probability of
x > N?
• How long does each sample take?
• Replacement vs. Non-replacement in
probability theory: Are the odds changing
with each sample, (drawing from a hat) or
are the odds staying the same, (flipping a
coin)?
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS
KNOWABLE
WHAT HUMANITY
KNOWS
WHAT I KNOW
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS KNOWABLE
WHAT
HUMANITY
WHAT I
KNOWS
KNOW
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT I
DON’T
KNOW
WHAT
HUMANITY
DOES NOT
KNOW
WHAT IS
UNKOWABLE
(TERMINAL
COUNSELS)
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL
SET THEORY
WHAT IS TRUE
WHAT IS MOSTLY
OR NEARLY TRUE
WHAT I
THINK IS
TRUE
WHAT IS MOSTLY
OF NEARLY FALSE
WHAT IS FALSE
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THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS. NON-SENSE
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EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS
AS A PARLOR GAME¹:
Where did Bill get his education?
His
memories
are
accurate
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
His memories
were changed
slightly*
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
He is from
another
planet
He was tutored
by angles
AUTHORITY
AUTHORITY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
EXTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
INTERNAL
CONSISTENCY
REASONABLENESS
REASONABLENESS
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
SENSE VS.
NON-SENSE
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ANOTHER EPISTEMOLOGICAL
PYRAMID
WHAT I KNOW IS TRUE
WHAT I KNOW IS FALSE
WHAT I THINK IS TRUE
WHTAT I THINK IS FALSE
WHAT I THINK IS
KNOWABLE
WHAT I THINK IS
UNKNOWABLE
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Can I reason through it?
TRUTH
• Deductive Reasoning: Large to small: •
• Example: All Mammals are warm
blooded. Humans are warm blooded,
•
therefore humans are mammals.
• Inductive Reasoning: Small to large:
• Example: . Humans are warm blooded.
All Mammals are warm blooded,
•
therefore humans are mammals.
• Sequential Reasoning:
• Example: Smoke is seen after fire. I see
smoke, therefore there has been fire.
• If the premise is false, the sentence is
non-sense, even if the conclusion
happens to be true².
ERROR
Example: Many men are
selfish. Bill is a man,
therefore Bill is selfish.
Example: I knew a kind
Christian. Bill is a
Christian, therefore Bill is
kind.
Post Hoc Reasoning¹:
Example: I saw a black cat.
Something bad happened,
therefore seeing a black
cat is bad luck. I went
outside when it was cold. I
got sick, therefore being
outside in the cold causes
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sickness.
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICENCE
• Small sample error: One type of error in
inductive reasoning: “Crocodile Dundee” TV
scene in NY motel: “Yep, that’s what I saw.”
• Galileo's experiments:
• The speed of light: How closely are we
looking?
• The spontaneous generation of flies: How
closely controlled is our experiment?
• Climate Change: How long will it take to
know?
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Relying on authority
Almost everything we believe to be true, we
learned from some “Authority”. Generally we believe
because of authority. Most personal experience,
(observation, reasoning & experimentation) confirms
or disputes what we previously believed or doubted
because of authority. The Real question isn’t “Have we
faith in authority?” It is What or Which authority have
we faith in, how much faith do we have in it, and how
much additional research, reasoning and/or
experimentation will we do to test or verify what
“Authority” has said?
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TOLSTOY & BACON
“I know that most men, including those at ease with
problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept
even the simplest and most obvious truth, if it be such
as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions
which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues,
which they have proudly taught to others, and which
have been woven, thread by thread into the fabric of
our lives.” Tolstoy
“The human understanding when it has once adopted
an opinion…draws all things else to support and agree
with it. And though there be a greater number and
weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet
these it either neglects or despises.” Bacon
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Types & Tokens
Type: A person or thing symbolizing or exemplifying the
ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Type: The ideal or defining characteristics of something.
Token: One specific example.
Token: One specific, distinct, physical, person or thing.
A chair is one type of furniture. A table is another type of
furniture. A stool is a type of chair. A recliner is another
type of chair; perhaps the perfect, ideal, or complete
“type” of chair.
The chair you are sitting in is a token chair. The chair next
to you may be a token of the exact same type.
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Uni-verse or Cosmos?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are There Universal Laws, (Equations)?
Are There Universal Constants?
Are There Universal Elements?
Are There Universal Forces
We do not live in an (exclusively) material world!
We live in a Universe, with Eternal Laws,
Constants, Elements, (materials) and Forces.
• They are the Typical God: Eternal, unchanging,
omniscient, omnipotent, & omnipresent!
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Uni-verse or Cosmos?
Taken together as a whole, They posses all of the godly
qualities such as: The “Omni’s,” Being eternal, unchanging, just,
loving, merciful, wise, beautiful, etc.
For Christians these truths & Jesus Christ are the typical God!
Jesus typifies these truths and they typify Him!
Everyone, including Agnostics & Atheists agree these truths are
sacred and should be understood, (known) and obeyed! The
typical God is an empirical, existential fact! Usually it is only a
personal “token” God, and whether He intervenes, that
agnostics doubt & atheists deny.
The Christian God is also a personal “token” God, who does
intervene, but we are already half way to complete agreement!
This is enough agreement for everyone to be a religious person
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of “faith,” and pursue a life-long spiritual journey¹!
There Are many Universal
Laws, (Equations)!
The Five Equations that changed the world are a few
examples:
1. Gravity F = G x M₁ X M₂/d². Newton.
2. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: (Entropy)
ΔS ˃ 0. Clausius or ΔS = ΔQ/t.
3. Hydrodynamics: Constant = P/ρ + gz + v²/2. Bernoulli*.
4. Electromagnetic induction¹: (EM)
ΔX E = -∂B/∂T. Faraday-Maxwell. F = K x q₁ x q₂/d².
Coulomb.
5. Matter is energy: 𝑬 = 𝑴𝑪². Einstein
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There Are Universal
Constants!
• There are hundreds of precise Fundamental
Constants in our universe. They must be EXACT:
• Never more. Never less.
• No where more. No where less.
• Never different. No where different.
• “Who can learn anything new and not find it a
shock?” John Wheeler
• It is helpful to regularly review even our most
fundamental understandings in light of our most
recent discoveries.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
Just Six Numbers that control our universe! (Sir Martin Rees)
1. N = EM/G = @ 1x10³⁵: The strength of the electrical magnetic force that holds atoms in their places within molecules,
divided by the gravitational force pulling them together, =
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!
2. ε = 0.007*: Determines how firmly atomic nuclei bind
together, how atoms are made, which atoms & how many of
each atom are made, & it controls the sun’s power.
3. Ω = Σm\G = @ .3: The total amount of material in the universe, both what we can see, (stars, planets etc.) and the “spiritual” matter, (“Dark matter”) that we cannot see divided by the
gravitational force . This balances the gravity, (G) and expansion
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energy of the universe, (λ) .
There Are Universal
Constants!
Just Six Numbers that control our universe!
(Sir Martin Rees)
4. λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the universe
expressed in relationship to # 3¹. This results in a
slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers
per second per megaparsec.
5. Q = Σrme* /G: The gravitational force divided by
the expansion energy of the universe, λ : @
1x10¯5 = 1/100,000.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
Seven correlate to the Forces that control our universe.
7. Gravitational: G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯².
8. EM: Elementary Charge: ε = 1.6021773349 x 10¯¹⁹C.
1 eV = 1.6021892 x 10¯¹⁹ J & 1.7826759 x 10¯³⁶ kg.
9. Week: Ratio: mp/ mₑ = 1836.15152; E=MC²
10. Strong: Atomic mass unit: amu = 1.6605655 x
10¯²⁷kg. E=MC²
λ: = The expansion energy of the universe. This results
in a slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per
second per megaparsec.
11.Fc = Equation.
12.(Agape) = Equation.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
13.Speed of Light: C = 2.99792458 x 18⁸ m s¯¹.
14.Plank’s: h = 6.626075540 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js, or J/Hz. The
ratio of the smallest possible unit, (A quantum) of
energy, to its frequency: E = hv.
15.Dirac’s ħ = h/2π = 1.0545887 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js. This
derivative of Plank’s Constant is helpful in physics.
16.Plank’s Length: Lp = √(Għ/C³) = @ 10¯³⁵m. The
distance at which quantum mechanics must
compliment classical gravity.
17.Plank’s Time: Tp= √(Għ/C⁵) = @ 10¯⁴³s. How long it
takes a photon to travel Plank’s Length.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
18.Plank’s : Mass: Mp = √(ħc/G) = @ 10¯⁸kg. The mass of
a particle whose Compton wavelength is equal to
Planks length.
19.Permittivity of vacuum: Eo = 8.85418782 x 10¯¹² c²/Jm.
F = Q₁Q₂/r²4πεₒ. A ratio of electric displacement, used
with insulators.
20.Permeability of vacuum: µₒ= 1/EoC² = 1.2566370614 x
10¯⁶ H/m = 4π x 10¯⁷ H m ¯¹. A ratio of magnetic flux.
21.Avogadro’s¹ NA = 6.022136736 x 10²³ mol¯¹. The
number of atoms or molecules in one mole of
substance.
There Are Universal
Constants!
22. Electron Mass at rest: mₑ = 9.109389754 x 10 ¯³¹ kg.
23.Proton Mass at rest: mp = 1.6726485 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
24.Neutron Mass at rest: mn = 1.6749286 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
25.Atomic mass Constant: mg = 1.6605402 x 10¯²⁷ kg.
26. Electron charge to mass ratio: ε/mₑ = 1.7588047 x
10¹¹ C/kg.
27.Bohr Radius: aₒ = 4πεₒh²/ mₑe² = 0.52917706 x 10¯¹⁰
m. A unit of length to measure atoms.
28. Faraday Constant: ₣ = Nₐε = 9.648530929 x 10⁴ C/mol.
The electric charge carried by one mole of electrons.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
29.Coulomb Constant: C = k = 8.9875 x 10⁹ N x m²/C².
30.Fine-structure Constant: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²ħc) = a¯' =
137.0360411.
31.Muon mass: m μ = 1.8825327 x 10¯²⁸ kg.
32.Ratio of muon mass to electron mass: 206.7686547.
33.Bohr magneton: μB = eħ/2mε
= 9.274078 x 10¯²⁴
J/T. A unit for measuring very small magnetism.
34.Molar Gas Constant: R = 8.31451070 JK¯¹ mol¯¹.
Relating to the relationship between
temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas.
There Are Universal
Constants!
35.Boltzmann constant: kB = 1.38065812 x 10¯²³ j/k¯¹.
The ratio of the gas constant to #20.
36. Gas Volume: Vm = 8.31441 J/mol K.
37. Nuclear magneton: μN = eħ/2mp = 5.0508248 x
10¯²⁷ J/T. Another unit for measuring very small
magnetism.
38.Free electron g factor: gₑ = 2 x 1.0011596567.
Relating to qualities of metals.
39. Classical electron radius: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²/ mₑc²) = a³/ 4π
R∞.
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There Are Universal
Constants!
40. Rydberg: R∞ = 1.0973731 x 10⁷m¯¹, = µₒ²me⁴c³/8h³.
Related to the atomic spectra and the binding energy
between an electron and a nucleon & related to other
Constants.
41. Loschmidt: L = NA /Vm = 2.68676323 x 10²⁵m¯³. The
number of particles per mm³ of an ideal gas at sea level.
42. Stefan-Boltzmann: σ = 5.6705119 x 10¯⁸ W m¯² K¯⁴.
Related to the total amount of radiated heat energy
excluding light. E = σT⁴.
43. Thomson cross section: (8/3)πrₑ² = σₑ = 0.665244833 x
10¯²⁸m².
44-227 for the 184 Elemental Constants, (Atomic weight &
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number for the 92 natural elements) Etc. Ad infinitum.
There Are Universal
Elements!
• There are 92 natural elements, distinct
atoms, in our universe. They each have
their own distinct atomic number and their
own distinct atomic weight.
• Never more. Never less.
• No where more. No where less.
• Never different. No where different.
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There Are Universal
Elements!
• Paley¹ observed that if one discovered a watch among
iron ore, correctly set & keeping proper time, one
would know that a watchmaker had created it. (1802)
• Now that we know how God made the elements, 90 of
92 forged in the furnace of giant stars, not only are the
“creations” “Paley’s Watch”, but the ingredients used to
build the “Watch” are also “Paley’s Watch”.
• To discover something brilliantly, even exquisitely
designed, creatively and skillfully constructed, currently
operating with minutely tuned precision, and think it
had no Creator, is as Schopenhauer observed, “Not
merely mistaken, but stupid.” (1860)
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There Are Universal
Forces!
The True meaning of Omnipotence: Beyond passive
Laws that cannot be broken¹, there are powerful Laws,
Forces, that literally, physically force their influence upon
us! This is A fundamental misunderstanding of
disobedience! We do not ever break God’s laws, we
sometimes break ourselves against them! “Obedience” is
from a Greek word, ”hpakono”² through Latin, (ob oedire
“toward + hearing”) meaning “to listen”.
1. Gravitational: Newton: G.F. = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
2. Electromagnetic ³: Faraday/Maxwell: EM= Δ x E = ∂B/∂T.
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There Are Universal
Forces!
3. WEAK: Einstein, Curies, et. al. : Δm = (mp + mn) –
md. X C².
4. STRONG: Einstein, Oppenheimer, et. al. : ¹₁H + ¹₁H →
²₁H + °₁e + v. ¹₁H + ²₁H → ³₂He + ϒ. (followed by either)
¹₁H + ³₂He → ⁴₂He + °₁e + v x C², or ³₂He + ³₂He → ⁴₂He
+ ¹₁H + ¹₁H x C².
5. LAMBDA: λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the
universe. This results in a slow steady expansion of
70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec.
6. FEIGENBAUM’s Constant of Chaos: (Fc = Equation).
7. AGAPE (LOVE OF GOD-LIGHT OF CHRIST): (Equation).
53
Gravitational Force
F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
• God uses gravity to hold many things in the universe in their
exact proper places, in a very complex interdependent dance.
• Man uses gravity to hold satellites in orbit with great skill &
exact calculations for a few years. To believe God did not
place the earth and moon into a much more precise orbit for
billions of years: Now that is an act of Blind faith*!
• Where did Newton get this knowledge? According to his
testimony, The Christian God revealed this to him! And a great
deal more! Newton was perhaps the greatest scientist who
ever lived. His Christian devotion is second to none. His
discoveries changed the world. Shall we ignore other things
he learned, and how he learned them? Is it better to have one
article, or continuing access to the Internet?
54
Gravitational Force
F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d².
G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯².
• Sometimes we rebel and disobey gravity, injuring or killing
ourselves and/or others.
• Sometimes our disobedience makes our burdens greater and
our lives harder.
• The ‘Thou Shalt not’s’ in scripture protect us from these
errors¹.
• The lever, pulley & Wheel-barrow are examples of simple
obedience to God’s law of gravity that makes our lives easier².
• Satellites are an example of a higher order of obedience to
gravity, making possible many ‘miracles’ that seem magical to
those who do not know these laws or refuse to obey them³.
55
Electromagnetic Force
EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T.¹
• God uses the EM force to hold molecules together
and to animate all life. It is the basis of all chemistry!
• Man uses the EM force for virtually all of his
technology!
In one short elegant concept, Michael Faraday, a
humble Christian bookbinder, with no formal
education, “discovers” the one law that describes both
the generator and the motor in a single line! Where
did he get this knowledge? According to his testimony,
the Christian God revealed this to him! And a great
deal more!
56
Electromagnetic Force
EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T.
Michael Faraday & James Maxwell were two of
the greatest scientists of their generation, two of
the greatest scientists of the 19th Century! Their
discoveries in physics changed the world! (lights,
TV, radio, phones, Computers, Electricity!)
Faraday & Maxwell were very devout Christians.
They were the pioneering giants of
electromagnetism. Christians both, they credit
Him, God, with revealing the nature of
electromagnetism to them. Shall we ignore both
from whom they learned it and how?
57
WEAK
E=MC²
• God uses the weak force to hold atoms together. It
is also an exactly accurate and eternal time
keeping device, (radioactive decay).
• Man uses the weak force to keep time in the
present, and to date artifacts from the past.
• A “type” & “token” of Paley’s Watch¹ is kept by the
U.S Navy in Colorado! It is Cesium 133, the “guts”
of an Atomic clock!
• Man also uses the weak force to generate
electricity, in medicine, and to make bombs.
• Shall we trust the watch and deny and/or ignore
the watchmaker?
58
STRONG E=MC²
• God starts with a variation of this most famous
equation: M = E/C².
• He takes gas, hydrogen, (Mass, “M”) and using an
invention far more ingenious then our Hydrogen
Bomb, His sun, He creates light & energy that
sustains life on this planet. (Man makes bombs.)
• God takes energy, (E) from His sun, and using
another ingenious invention, His plants, converts
sunlight, (E) back into mass, but not gasses, food
for all animals on earth. This application of E =
MC², is called: “Photosynthesis”!
59
LAMBDA λ = @ 0.7
The expansion Force
of the universe.
• God uses Lambda to balance Gravity on a
scale larger than galaxies. This assures that
His kingdom will keep growing and never end,
expanding eternally at a rate of 70.4 +/- 1.4
kilometers per second per megaparsec.
• λ, Discovered in 1998, has no discernible
effect on scales less than a billion light years!
• Man does not use this Force.
60
CHAOS
(Fc = Equation)
• Called the Constant of “Chaos,” it is in fact the
opposite. When all of the facts are known,
foreknowledge, (prediction, or prophecy) is possible.
• God uses this to accomplish His creating and exalting
purposes.
• Man plays with it like a toy, but he is starting to use
it to predict weather and natural disasters.
• This is essential to a true understanding of God’s
Sovereignty, omniscience & omnipotence.
• The resolution of God’s sovereignty vs. man’s free
will.
61
AGAPE
THE PURE LOVE OF GOD
• God uses it to bring to pass the immortality and
eternal life of man, to bring about man’s threefold salvation and exaltation, (sanctification).
• God uses this to accomplish His creating and
exalting purposes.
• The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. of the
Atonement.
• Man uses it to share in God’s nature, to become
one with Him.
• Constant: =
• Equation:
62
“Who can learn anything new and
not find it a shock?” John Wheeler
It is helpful to regularly review even
our most fundamental
understandings in light of our most
recent discoveries.
THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY:
THE AUTHORITY OF GOD’S MEMORY:
1. 1 Sam. 2:3. “For the Lord is a God of
knowledge, and by Him actions are weighed.”
2. 1 Chr. 28:9. “For the Lord…understandeth
all…”
3. Ps. 139:3. “Thou…art acquainted with all my
ways.”
4. Ps. 147:5. “Great is our Lord, and of great
power; His understanding is infinite.”
5. Prov. 15:3. “The eyes of the Lord are in every
place, beholding the evil and the good.”
THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY:
THE AUTHORITY OF GOD’S MEMORY:
6. Isa. 66:18. “For I know their works and their
thoughts…all nations and tongues.”
7. Matt. 10:29. God even knows when sparrows
die.
8. John 16:30. “Now we are sure that thou
knowest all things…”
9. Acts 15:18. “Known unto God are all his (mans)
works from the beginning of the world.”
10.Rev. 2:2. & 3:1. “I know thy works, and thy
labour, and thy patience…(and name).
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ps. 25:7. “Remember not the sins of my youth, not
my transgressions;”
Ps. 79:8. ”O remember not against us former
iniquities;”
Isa. 43:18. ”Remember ye not the former things,
neither consider the things of old.”
Isa. 43:25. ”I even I am he that blotteth out thy
transgressions for mine own sake, and will not
remember thy sins.”
Isa. 54:4. ”Thow shalt forget the shame of thy
youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy
widowhood any more”
66
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
Isa. 64:9. “O Lord, neither remember iniquity for
ever;”
7. Isa. 65:13. “Therefore thus sayeth the Lord God,
Behold…
8. Isa. 65:16. “…the former troubles are forgotten…
9. Isa. 65:17. “For, behold, I create new heavens
and a new earth; and the former things shall not
be remembered, nor come into mind.”
10. Jer. 3:16. “…neither shall it come to mind;
neither shall they remember it;”
6.
67
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
11.Jer. 31:34.”…saith the Lord: for I will
forgive their iniquity, and I will remember
their sins no more.”
12.Jer. 14:10. “…He (God) will now remember
their iniquity and visit their sins.”
13.Ezek. 23:27. Thou shalt not remember thy
lewdness & whoredoms.
14. Hos. 7:2. “I (God) remember all their
wickedness…”
15.Hos. 8:13. “Now will He (God) remember
their iniquity, and visit their sins...”
68
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
16. Hos. 9:9. He (God) will remember their iniquity, He
will visit their sins.”
17.Romans. 3:25. “Whom God hath set forth to be a
propitiation¹ through faith…”
18. Romans. 4:3. “For what saith the scripture²?
Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him
for righteousness.”
19. Romans 4:8. “Blessed is the man to whom the
Lord will not impute sin.”
20.Alma 34: 10 & 14. An “Infinite & eternal
atonement.”
69
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
21. Romans. 4:21-25. “And being fully
persuaded that, what He had promised,
He was able also to perform. And
therefore it was imputed to him for
righteousness. Now it was not written
for his sake alone, that it was imputed to
him; But for us also, to whom it shall be
imputed, if we believe on Him that raised
up Jesus our Lord from the dead; who
was delivered for our offenses, and raised
again for our justification.”
70
THE SCRIPTUAL
AUTHORITY
22. Heb. 8:12. “…and their sins and their iniquities will I
(God) remember no more.”
23. Heb. 10:17. “…and their sins and iniquities will I (God)
remember no more.”
24. 2 Peter 3:13. “…we, according to His promise, look for
new heavens and a new earth wherein dwelleth
Righteousness¹.
25. Rev. 18:5. “…God hath remembered her iniquities.”
26. Rev. 21:4-5. “…there shall be no more death, neither
sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more
pain; for the former things are passed away…Behold, I
71
make all things new.”
DIMENSIONAL SYMMETRY
• Imagine a universe where what was to ones right
could change but what was to ones left could not
change.
• Imagine a universe where one could change the
order of the empty chairs in front of you, but one
could not change the order of the empty chairs
behind you.
• Imagine a universe where one could only move in
one direction at one constant rate of speed in one
dimension only, but in every other dimension one
could move in any direction at any variable rate of
speed. What a queer universe that would be?
S.I. UNITS &SMALLER UNITS
Picture a cubic centimeter passing through time:
1cc/s.
Now reduce the size of this unit to Bohr’s radius, the
diameter of a single atom, per second.
Further reduce it to a Fermi, the radius of an electron,
per second.
Further reduce it to Planks length per Plank’s epoch,
(Plank’s Time).
PLANK’S LENGTH³/PLANK’S TIME
Now join these units with many others to fill our
world. Fill these units with real life. Within these
units we move & live, grow & die. We act & feel.
We choose, desire & learn.
Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger &
The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d.
Part I
𝟏
Schrodinger’s equation¹ is: 𝝋 = 𝝋 𝒙 , … , 𝒙ᴺ; 𝒕 .
This is called a quantum wave function, qwf. As we
𝒊𝒉𝝏
pass through time: 𝑬 =
. We can now describe a
𝝏𝒕
single particle of mass (whose energy contribution
through three dimensional space is: 𝑽 = 𝑽 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ,
moving through time, through external fields not at
the level of cm³/s, but Plank’s Length: Lp = √(Għ/C³) =
@ 10¯³⁵m, per Plank’s Time: Tp= √(Għ/C⁵) = @ 10¯⁴³s.
𝝏𝝋
ħ𝟐 𝟐
𝒊ħ
=−
𝞩 𝝋 + 𝑽𝝋.
𝝏𝒕
𝟐𝒎
QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTIONS
Each of these qwfs can now become a single variable
in a larger equation that can either describe our
universe as a whole at one point in time/space or
one larger part of it, (such as ourselves) traveling
through time/space.
Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger &
The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d.
Part I
Imagine light passing through a glass window pane.
One can see the glass, through the glass, & the
reflection of things on ones side of the glass. As
photons come to the electrons in the glass some
pass through, some bounce off and hit one in the
eye, & some bounce more than once allowing on to
𝒆𝟐
.
ℏ𝒄
see reflections. The equation is:
Where e is the
electron charge, ℏ is Plank’s constant divided by 2π,
and c is the speed of light.
Schwinger, Feynman, Tomonaga, Dyson &
The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. Part
II
It is now easy to see, self-evident that beings only
require the psycho-somatic ability to control the
electric charge of the atoms in their body to
determine whether or not they will be seen by
others.
This same ability also allows them to pass through
what we think of as “solid” objects & to pass through
space. Actually it is the same EM Force that we use
to travel and to communicate. It is very useful to
ponder the similarities & the differences in the
technologies.
THERE IS A LAW IRREVOCABLE DECREED.
QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTIONS,
QUANTUM ENTAGLEMENT & THE LAWS
OF THREE KINGDOMS:
When our present quantum wave functions
become entangled with the past & the future of the
laws & quantum wave functions of a higher
kingdom, whether Terrestrial or Celestial, it is
because of the Atonement of Jesus Christ.
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!¹
Abbas, Abelard, Abraham, Aquinas, Anselm, Brahms,
Barclays, Benedict, Boniface, Bonaventura, Bunyan,
Boethius, Buddha, Bede, Calvin, Columba, Constantine,
Cyprian, Cyril, Catherines, Cajetan, Clements, Davids,
Drake, Erasmus, Erigena, Euler, Fechner, Flew¹, Galen,
Gray, Gödel, Guttenberg, Herschel, Hus, Hippocrates,
Ignatius, Irenaeus, Jesus² John², Jung, Justin, Jerome, Kay,
Kepler, Loyola, Lavoisier, Luther, Maury, Madison, Moses,
Mendel, Methodius, Nanak, Orosius, Polycarp, Paul³
Patrick, Pelagius, Plato, Pythagoras, Peter, Quesnay,
Rheticus, Rayleigh, Rousseau, Socrates, Solomon, Sholes,
Stokes, Thales, Tyndale, Uthman, von Braun, Wycliffe,
Xenocrates, Youngs, Zoroaster, …
80
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!¹
(All of the Bishops, Buddhist Dali Lamas, Caliphs,
Hindu Sages & Popes) Anaximander, Archimedes,
Amphos, Augustine, Anaximenes, Aristotle, Arminius,
Bohr, Clausius, Dante, Eudoxos, Franklins, Galvani,
Humboldt, Iqbal, Jaspers, Kelvin, Lewis, Milton,
Nierenberg , Orm, Paganini, Quincy, Robinson, Seitz,
Singer, Simon, Smyth, Simons, Teller, Thomsons,
Udine, Vancouver, Vanderbilts, Vladimir, Watts,
Wigner, Williams, Websters, Waldo, Xerxes,
Xenophanes, Xavier, Xenophon, Yersin, Yongle, Yadin,
Yales, Zazerski, Zacharias, Zeiss, Zemlinsky, Zworykin…
81
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Abel, Adams*, Ampe`re, Am tem, Athanasius, Avogadro,
Bacon, Berkeley, Bragg, Bernoulli, Blackstone, Brewster,
Boyle, Chiefs Joseph & Seattle, Coulomb, Copernicus,
Cicero, Cooke, Cuvier, Descartes, da Vinci, Dukes de
Broglie, Euclid, Fahrenheit, Flemings, Fabriano, Faberge,
Fry, Fulton, Fox, Ford, Gama, Gandhi, Gauss, Koch, Hobbs,
Hooke, Harvard, Hudson Heisenberg, Huygens, Innocents,
Jastrow, Joule, Kant, Kierkegaard, Leibniz, Linnaeus, Locke
Mandela, Maimondes, Michelangelo, Mill, Marcel, Mores,
Newman, Nostradamus, Newton, Osmund, Priestley,
Pasteur, Pascal, Paley¹, Rubens, Qianlong, Stanfords,
Simpson, Sydenham, Shakespeare…
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Alcmaeon, Ambrose, Agassiz, Bells, Bruno, Budaeus, Buffon,
Cecil, Carnegie, Chesterton, Churchill, Cousteau, Columbus,
Celsius, Carver, Clovis, Dostoyevsky, Dickens, Dakin, Dirac,
Douglas, Dysons, Dostoyevsky, Edwards Faraday, Gist, Gosse,
Higgs, Hamilton, Handel, Hutton, Helmholtz, Hoyle, Ictinos,
Johannsen, Kagawa, King, Knox, Lincoln, Lin, Lister,
Leeuwenhoek, Laplace, Lyell, McDonnell, Mendelssohn,
Maxwell, Mozart, Nobel, Owen, Parry, Peacocke, Plantinga,
Pratt, Qin, Polkinghorne, Parsons, Ramanujan, Rembrandt,
Rockefeller, Ray, Rutherford, Smoot, Solzhenitsyn, Scotus,
Stannard, Spenser, Swift, Spener, Swinburne, Tolstoy, Tesla,
Tertullian, Ussher, Van Dykes, Volta, York, Washingtons,*
83
Ximenes, Xuanzang, Xuanzong, Zwingli…
Including virtually all of the Most
respected Minds of all Humanity!
Abdullah, Albertus, Alexanders, Aelfric, Armstrong,
Antiochus, Bach, Babbage, Barth, Booth, Becquerel, Collins,
Chaucer, Davy, Chadwick, Diesel, Dovorak, Einthoven, Eliot,
Ellis, Fleming, Florey, Galileo, Geiger, Graham, Guillaume,
Henrys, Hertz, Hills, Ibns, Hume, Irvings, Johnsons, Jacobi,
Kusch, Kapila, Kolbes, Kipling, Lawrence, Livingstone,
Legendre, Lemaitre, Mohammeds, Moody, Medina, Morse,
Nernst, Nibley, Niebuhrs, Onions, Origen, Oppenheimers,
Pachelbel, Paschal, Penn, Pregl, Purcell, Quesnel, Ramseys,
Seuss, Raphael, Riemann, Sabatier, Spurgeon, Stephens,
Smiths, Steno, Soddy, Townsends, Tabari, Thielicke, Tolkein,
Ulugh, Ulfilas, Van Gogh, Virchow, Vivaldi, Wallace, Woolley,
84
Wien, Walkers, Wesleys, Nearly ad infinitum!
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
1. 1901. Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen: Discovery of x-rays.
2. 1902. Lorentz & Zeeman: The influence of
magnetism upon radiation.
3. 1903. Becquerel & Curies: radiation phenomenon.
4. 1904. Rayleigh: Argon & the densities of many gases.
5. 1905. Anton Von Lenard: Cathode Rays.
6. 1906. Thomson*: Conduction of electricity by gases.
7. 1907. Michelson*: Optical precision instruments &
meteorological investigations.
8. 1908.Lippmann: photographing interference
phenomenon.
9. 1909. Marconi & Braun: wireless telegraphy, (Radio).
10. 1910. Van der Waals: Equations for gasses & liquids.
85
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
11. 1911. Wien: Laws governing heat radiation.
12. 1912. Dalen: Automatic regulators for gas
accumulators for illuminating lighthouses & buoys.
13. 1913. Onnes: Low temperature → liquid helium.
14. 1914. Von Laue: Crystal diffraction.
15. 1915. Braggs: x-ray analysis of crystal structure.
16. 1916. Not awarded.
17. 1917. Barkla: x-rays of the elements.
18. 1918. Plank: Energy quanta.
19. 1919. Stark: Doppler effect in canal rays & the
splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.
20. 1920. Guillaume: precision measurements in
anomalies of nickel steel alloys.
86
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
21. 1921. Einstein*: Photoelectric effect.
22. 1922. Bohr: Structure of the atom & radiation.
23. 1923. Millakan: Elementary charge of electricity & the
photoelectric effect.
24. 1924. Siegbahn: X-ray spectroscopy.
25. 1925. Franck & Hertz: Laws governing the impact of the
electron on the atom.
26. 1926. Perrin: The discontinuous structure of matter.
27. 1927. Compton & Wilson: The Compton effect &
visualizing the paths of electrically charged particles.
28. 1928. Richardson: His Law.
29. 1929. de Broglie: The wave nature of electrons.
30. 1930. Chandrasekhara: Scattering of light & his effect.87
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
31. 1931. Not awarded.
32. 1932. Heisenberg: Quantum mechanics.
33. 1933. Schrödinger & Dirac: New productive forms of
atomic theory.
34. 1934. Not awarded.
35. 1935. Chadwick: The neutron.
36. 1936. Hess & Anderson: Cosmic radiation & the positron.
37. 1937. Davisson & Thomson: Crystal diffraction of electrons.
38. 1938. Fermi: New radioactive elements & nuclear reactions.
39. 1939. Lawrence: The cyclotron & artificial radioactive
elements.
40. 1940. Not awarded.
88
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
41. 1941. Not awarded.
42. 1942. Not awarded.
43. 1943. Stern: molecular ray method & magnetic
moment of the proton.
44. 1944. Rabi: Recording the magnetic properties of
atomic nuclei.
45. 1945. Pauli: His Exclusionary principle.
46. 1946. Bridgman: High pressure physics.
47. 1947. Appleton: Investigations of the upper
atmosphere.
48. 1948. Blackett: Wilson cloud chamber method.
49. 1949. Yukawa: Mesons & nuclear forces.
50. 1950 Powell: Photographing mesons.
89
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
51. 1951. Cockcroft & Walton: Transmutation of atomic
nuclei.
52. 1952. Block & Purcell: Nuclear magnetics.
53. 1953. Zernike: Phase contrast microscope.
54. 1954. Born: Quantum Mechanics, wave function.
55. 1955. Lamb & Kusch: The Hydrogen spectrum & the
magnetic moment of the electron.
56. 1956. Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain: The semiconductor
& transistors.
57. 1957. Yang & Lee: Parity laws of elementary particles.
58. 1958. Čerenkov, Frank & Tamm: The Čerenkov effect.
59. 1959. Segrē & Chamberlain: The antiproton.
90
60. 1960. Glaser: The Bubble chamber.
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
61.1961. Hofstadter & Mössbauer: Electron scattering &
nucleons; γ-rays & his effect.
62.1962. Landau: Liquid helium & condensed matter.
63.1963. Wigner, Mayer, & Jensen: Symmetry principles
of atomic nuclei & Nuclear shell structure.
64.1964. Townes, Basov, & Prochorov: Quantum
electronics → maser-laser principle oscillators &
amplifiers.
65.1965. Feynman, Schwinger, & Tomonaga (Dyson):
Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d.
91
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
66. 1966. Kastler: Optical methodologies for
Hertzian resonance in atoms.
67. 1967. Bethe: Nuclear reactions → Energy
production in stars (Fusion).
68. 1968. Alvarez: Elementary particle resonance
states with hydrogen bubble chamber.
69. 1969. Gell-Mann: The particle zoo, (The Quark &
the jaguar).
70. 1970. Alvén & Néel: Magneto-hydrodynamics,
antiferromagnetism & ferrimagnetism →
applications in solid state physics.
92
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
71. 1971. Gabor: Holography.
72. 1972. Bardeen, Cooper & Schrieffer:
Superconductivity.
73. 1973. Esaki, Giaever, & Josephson: Tunneling in
super-current superconductors.
74. 1974. Hewish & Ryle Pulsars & radioastronomy.
75. 1975. Bohr, Mottelson & Rainwater: The
structure & motion or the atomic nucleus.
93
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
76. 1976. Richter & Ting: Particle discovery.
77. 1977. Anderson, Mott & Van Vleck: Electronic
structure of magnetic & disordered systems.
78. 1978. Kapitza, Penzias & Wilson: Low
temperature physics & Cosmic microwave
background radiation (Smoot).
79. 1979. Glashow, Salam & Weinberg: Electro-Weak
Unification.
80. 1980. Cronin & Fitch: Violation of fundamental
symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K
mesons.
94
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
81. 1981. Bloembergen, Schawlow & Siegbahn:
Laser & electron spectroscopy.
82. 1982. Wilson: How temperature & pressure
changes matter.
83. 1983. Chandrasekhar & Fowler: The evolution of
stars (his limit), Formation of chemical elements
in the universe.
84. 1984. Rubbia & der Meer: Particles W & Z; the
Weak interaction.
85. 1985. Klitzing: Quantized Hall resistance.
95
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
86. 1986. Binnig, Rohrer & Ruska: Electron
microscope & scanning-tunneling.
87. 1987. Bednorz & Müller: New class of
superconductors.
88. 1988. Lederman, Schwartz & Steinberg: Neutrino
beam & muon neutrino.
89. 1989. Dehmelt, Paul & Ramsey:
90. 1990. Friedman, Kendall & Taylor:
96
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
91. 1991. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes:
92. 1992. Charpak:
93. 1993. Hulse & Taylor:
94. 1994. Brockhouse & Shull:
95. 1995. Perl & Reines
96. 1996. Douglas, Osheroff & Richardson:
97. 1997. Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji & Phelps:
98. 1998. Laughin, Störmer & Tsul:
99. 1999. Hooft & Veltman:
100. 2000. Alferov, Kilby & Kroemer:
97
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
101. 2001. Cornell, Ketterie & Wieman:
102. 2002. Davis, Giacconi & Koshiba:
103. 2003. Abriksov, Ginzberg & Leggett:
104. 2004. Gross, Politzer & Wilczek:
105. 2005. Giauber, Hall & Hänsch:
106. 2006. Mather & Smoot: ( Mapping CMB).
107. 2007. Fert & Grünberg:
108. 2008. Kobayashi, Maskawa & Nambu:
109. 2009. Boyle, Kao & Smith: Fiber-optic cables & CCD
sensors, an imaging semiconductor circuit.
110. 2010.
98
WINNERS OF THE NOBEL
PRIZE IN PHYSICS
111. 2011.
112. 2012.
113. 2013. (Predictive)
114. 2014. (Predictive)
115. 2015. (Predictive)
116. 2016. (Predictive)
117. 2017. (Predictive)
118. 2018. (Predictive)
119. 2019. (Predictive)
120. 2020. (Predictive)
99