Transcript in chiral mean

Pentaquarks from chiral solitons
Maxim V. Polyakov
Liege Universitiy & Petersburg NPI
Outline:
- Predictions
- Post-dictions
- Implications
GRENOBLE, March 24
Baryon states
All baryonic states listed in PDG can be made of 3 quarks only
* classified as octets, decuplets and singlets of flavour SU(3)
* Strangeness range from S=0 to S=-3
A baryonic state with S=+1 is explicitely EXOTIC
• Cannot be made of 3 quarks
•Minimal quark content should be qqqqs , hence pentaquark
•Must belong to higher SU(3) multiplets, e.g anti-decuplet
observation of a S=+1 baryon implies a new large multiplet of
baryons (pentaquark is always ocompanied by its large family!)
important
Searches for such states started in 1966, with negative
results till autumn 2002
Possible reason: searches were for heavy and wide states
Theoretical predictions for pentaquarks
1. Bag models [R.L. Jaffe ‘76, J. De Swart ‘80]
Jp =1/2- lightest pentaquark
Masses higher than 1700 MeV, width ~ hundreds MeV
Mass of the pentaquark is roughly 5 M +(strangeness) ~ 1800 MeV
An additional q –anti-q pair is added as constituent
2. Soliton models [Diakonov, Petrov ‘84,
Chemtob‘85, Praszalowicz ‘87, Walliser ‘92]
Exotic anti-decuplet of baryons with lightest S=+1
Jp =1/2+ pentaquark with mass in the range
1500-1800 MeV.
Mass of the pentaquark is rougly 3 M +(1/baryon size)+(strangeness) ~ 1500MeV
An additional q –anti-q pair is added in the form of excitation of nearly massless
chiral field
The question what is the width of the exotic pentaquark
In soliton picture has not been address untill 1997
It came out that it should be „anomalously“ narrow!
Light and narrow pentaquark is expected ->
drive for experiments
[D. Diakonov, V. Petrov, MVP ’97]
Q+ Q+ Q+ Q+….
LEPS@SPring8
ITEP
DIANA@ITEP
Negative results from HERA-B
CLAS@JLAB
HERMES@DESY
and @BES
SAPHIR
ELSA
What do we know about Theta ?
 Mass 1530 – 1540 MeV
Width < 10-20 Mev, can be even about 1 Mev as
it follows from reanalysis of K n scattering data
[Nussinov; Arndt et al. ; Cahn, Thrilling]
see also talk by W. Briscoe
 Isospin probably is zero [CLAS, Saphir, HERMES ]
Compatible with anti-decuplet interpretation
 Spin and parity are not measured yet
Chiral Symmetry of QCD
QCD in the chiral limit, i.e. Quark masses ~ 0
LQCD
1 a a


 - 2 F F   (i     A )
4g
Global QCD-Symmetry  Lagrangean invariant
under:

hadron
 u 
A A  u
SU (2)V :       '  exp -i   
multiplets
 d 
 d 
 u 
 u 
A A
SU (2) A :       '  exp -i   5  
 d 
 d 
Symmetry of Lagrangean is not the same
as the symmetry of eigenstates
No Multiplets
Symmetry is
sponteneousl
broken
Unbroken chiral symmetry of QCD would mean
That all states with opposite parity have equal masses
But in reality:
-

1
* 1
N ( ) - N ( )  600 MeV
2
2
The difference is too large to be explained by
Non-zero quark masses
chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken
pions are light [=pseudo-Goldstone bosons]
nucleons are heavy
nuclei exist
... we exist
Three main features of the SCSB
3
 Order parameter: chiral condensate qq > -(250MeV )  0
[vacuum is not „empty“ !]
 Quarks get dynamical masses: from the „current“
masses of about m=5MeV to about M=350 MeV
 The octet of pseudoscalar meson is anomalously
light (pseudo) Goldstone bosons.
  > 0
5MeV
current-quarks (~5 MeV) 
Constituent-quarks (~350
MeV)
Spontaneous
Chiral symmetry
breaking
  > 0
350MeV
Particles  Quasiparticles
QuarkModel
•Three massive quarks
•2-particle-interactions:
•confinement potential
•gluon-exchange
•meson-exchage
Nucleon
•(non) relativistisc
• chiral symmetry is not respected
•Succesfull spectroscopy (?)
Chiral
Soliton
Mean Goldstone-fields
(Pion, Kaon)
Nucleon
Large Nc-Expansion of
QCD
Chiral
Soliton
•Three massive quarks
• interacting with each other
• interacting with Dirac sea
• relativistic field theory
Nucleon
•spontaneously broken chiral symmetry
is full accounted
Quantum
numbers
Quantum #
Coupling of spins,
isospins etc. of 3 quarks
mean field  non-linear
system  soliton 
rotation of soliton
Quantum #
Natural way for light baryon
exotics. Also usual „3-quark“
Quark-anti-quark
pairs
„stored“
Quantum
in #
Coherent :1p-1h,2p-2h,....
baryons
should contain
a lot
of
chiral mean-field
antiquarks
Antiquark
distributions:
unpolarized
flavour
asymmetry
d-bar
minus ubar
d ( x) - u ( x)
Pobylitsa et
al., solitons
Soliton picture predicts large polarized flavour asymmetry
Fock-State: Valence and Polarized
Dirac Sea
Dirac-Equation:
 -i   MU i  ii
Soliton
Quark-anti-quark pairs „stored“
in chiral mean-field
Quantum numbers originate from 3 valence quarks AND Dirac sea !
Quantization of the mean field
Idea is to use symmetries
if we find a mean field  a minimizing the energy
than the flavour rotated R ab b mean field
also minimizes the energy
 Slow flavour rotations change energy very little
 One can write effective dynamics for slow rotations
[the form of Lagrangean is fixed by symmeries and
axial anomaly ! See next slide]
 One can quantize corresponding dynamics and get
spectrum of excitations
[like: rotational bands for moleculae]
Presently there is very interesting discussion whether large Nc
limit justifies slow rotations [Cohen, Pobylitsa, Klebanov, DPP....].
Tremendous boost for our understanding of soliton dynamics!
-> new predictions
SU(3): Collective Quantization
Lcoll
L
J 
 a
NcB
8
J 2 3
a
I1 3 a a I 2 7 a a
3 8
 M0       

2 a 1
2 a 4
2
3
7
1
1
a ˆa
a ˆa
ˆ
ˆ
Hˆ coll 
J
J

J
J  constraint


2 I1 a 1
2 I 2 a 4
From
2Jˆ 8
WessY'  1
Zumino
3
-term
 Jˆ a , Jˆ b   if abc Jˆ c


Calculate eigenstates of Hcoll
and select those, which fulfill
the constraint
SU(3): Collective Quantization
Lcoll
I1 3 a a I 2 7 a a
3 8
 M0       

2 a 1
2 a 4
2
L
J 
 a
NcB
8
J 2 3
3
7
1
1
a ˆa
a ˆa
ˆ
ˆ
Hˆ coll 
J
J

J
J  constraint


2 I1 a 1
2 I 2 a 4
3, 3, 6 ,8,10,10, 27,...
2Jˆ 8
Y'  1



1
3
1
3
J=T 
....
Known from
2
2
2
delta-nucleon
3
3
splitting
 Jˆ a , Jˆ b   if abc Jˆ c
10-8 =
10-8 =


2I1
2I 2
a
Spin and parity are predicted !!!
3
3
10-10 =
2I 2 2I1
General idea: 8, 10, anti-10, etc are various excitations
of the same mean field  properties are interrelated
Example [Gudagnini ‘84]
8( m*  mN )  3m  11m  8m*
Relates masses in 8 and 10, accuracy 1%
To fix masses of anti-10 one needs to know the
value of I2 which is not fixed by masses of 8 and 10
DPP‘97
~180 MeV
In linear order in ms
Input to fix I2
Jp =1/2+
Mass is in expected range (model calculations of I2)
P11(1440) too low, P11(2100) too high
Decay branchings fit soliton picture better
Decays of the anti-decuplet
,K,
h
All decay constants for 8,10 and anti-10 can be expressed
in terms of 3 universal couplings: G0, G1 and G2
1
 decuplet [G0  G1 ]2
 anti-decuplet
2
1
G0 - G1 - G2  0 In NR limit ! DPP‘97
2
[G0 - G1 -
1
G2 ]2
2
„Natural“ width ~100 MeV
Q < 15 MeV
Correcting a mistake in widths of usual decuplet one gets < 30 MeV
[Weigel, 98;Jaffe 03] However in these analyses gNN=17.5
Model calculations in ChQSM give 5 MeV [Rathke 98]
Where to stop ?
The next rotational excitations of baryons are (27,1/2)
and (27,3/2). Taken literary, they predict plenty of
exotic states. However their widths are estimated
to be > 150 MeV. Angular velocities increase, centrifugal
forces deform the spherically-symmetric soliton.
In order to survive, the chiral soliton has to stretch into
sigar like object, such states lie on linear Regge trajectories
[Diakonov, Petrov `88]
,K,
h
,K,
h
Very interesting issue! New theoretical tools should be developed!
New view on spectroscopy?
- -
CERN NA49 reported evidence for – - with mass around
1862 MeV and width <18 MeV
For  symmetry breaking effects expected to be large [Walliser, Kopeliovich]
Update of  N  term gives 180 Mev -> 110 MeV [Diakonov, Petrov]
Small width of  is trivial consequence of SU(3) symmetry
Are we sure that  is observed ?
Non strange partners revisited
N(1710) is not seen anymore in most recent N
scattering PWA [Arndt et al. 03]
If Q is extremely narrow N* should be also
narrow 10-20 MeV. Narrow resonance easy to miss
in PWA. There is a possiblity for narrow N*(1/2+) at
1680 and/or 1730 MeV [Arndt et al. 03]
In the soliton picture mixing with usual nucleon
is very important.  N mode is suppressed,
hN and  modes are enhanced.
Anti-decuplet nature of N* can be checked by
photoexcitation. It is excited much stronger
from the neuteron, not from the proton [Rathke, MVP]
Non strange partners revisited
R. Arndt, Ya. Azimov, MVP, I. Strakovsky, R. Workman 03
 N
3
8. G8 2
1 pQ
(1
sin

*
)

Q 4 p 3
5 G10
N
G10  3
Corresponding Q= 1 MeV
G8  18 sin   0.085

Q
 0 4(sin  G8 )
2
[DPP‘ 97]
( N   N )  0.1 - 2MeV
( N *  )  3 - 10MeV
*
Cancelation due to mixing !
Possible only due to mixing
Favourable channels to hunt for N* from anti-10
 n-> h n  , K
Strength of photoexcitation from the proton target
is expected to be much smaller than from the neuteron!
[A. Rathke, MVP‘ 03]
See GRAAL results, V. Kuznetsov, talk on Friday
Theory Postdictions
Super radiance resonance
Diamond lattice
of gluon
strings
Rapidly
developing
theory: >140 papers
Q+(1540)>as2.5
a heptaquark
resubmissions
in 1hep
QCD sumper
rules,paper
parity =Lattice QCD P=-1 or P=+1, see next talk by T. Kovacs
di-quarks + antiquark, P=+1, see talk by C. Semay
colour molecula, P=+1
Constituent quark models, P=-1 or P=+1, review by K. Maltman
Exotic baryons in the large Nc limit
Anti-charmed Q , and anti-beauty Q
Q produced in the quark-gluon plasma and nuclear matter
SU(3) partners of Q
Constituent quark models
If one employs flavour independent forces between quarks
(OGE) natural parity is negative, although P=+1 possible to arrange
With chiral forces between quarks natural parity is P=+1
[Stancu, Riska; Glozman]
•No prediction for width
•Implies large number of excited pentaquarks
Missing Pentaquarks ?
(And their families)
Mass difference  -Q ~ 150 MeV
Diquark model [Jaffe, Wilczek]
No dynamic explanation of
Strong clustering of quarks
(ud)
L=1
Dynamical calculations suggest large mass
[Narodetsky et al.; Shuryak, Zahed]
(ud)
JP=3/2+ pentaquarks should be close in
mass [Dudek, Close]
Anti-decuplet is accompanied by an octet of pentaquarks.
P11(1440) is a candidate. It is expected at least 18 (1/2+) pentas.
No prediction for width
Mass difference  -Q ~ 200 MeV -> Light  pentaquark
s
Implications of the Pentaquark
 Views on what hadrons “made of” and how do they
“work” may have fundamentally changed
- renaissance of hadron spectroscopy
- need to take a fresh look at what we thought we
knew well.
 Quark model & flux tube models are incomplete and
should be revisited
 Does Q start a new Regge trajectory? -> implications
for high energy scattering of hadrons !
 Can Q become stable in nuclear matter? -> astrophysics?
 Issue of heavy-light systems should be revisited (“BaBar”
Resonance, uuddc-bar pentaquarks [H1 results] ). It seems that
the chiral physics is important !
uuddc* pentaquark mass is NOT MQ + mc –ms like in QM
but rather MQ + mc + M, i.e. 3000 – 3200 MeV,
200-300 MeV above QM
The point is that neither c* nor qqqq can be „hidden“
in a chiral excitation
Summary
 Assuming that chiral forces are essential in binding of quarks
one gets the lowest baryon multiplets
(8,1/2+), (10, 3/2+), (anti-10, 1/2+)
whose properties are related by symmetry
 Predicted Q pentaquark is light NOT because it is a sum of
5 constituent quark masses but rather a collective excitation
of the mean chiral field. It is narrow for the same reason
 Where are family members accompaning the pentaquark
Are these “well established 3-quark states”? Or we should
look for new “missing resonances”? Or we should reconsider
fundamentally our view on spectroscopy?
Surely new discoveries are waiting us
around the corner !