Transcript PPT - Homefront

US Military History - Homefront
The
Civil War
(1861-1865)
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
19141918:
The World
at War
Mobilizing the Home Front
• Economy
– War Revenue Act of 1917
• Very high taxes especially
for the wealthy.
– Liberty Bonds
• Loan to the government.
• Government owed $20
billion to the people after
the war.
U.S. Prepares for War
• Selective Service Act
– May 18th 1917
– Requires men between 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the
armed forces.
– You faced a combat position or prison .
• U.S. was not prepared for war.
– New recruits did not have rifles,
supplies, or even places to sleep.
• Training was extreme.
– Trained all day on marching and
military rules.
– Used rifles until they were given rifles.
General John J. Pershing
Commander of U.S. Forces
Council of National
Defense
War Industries Board –
Bernard Baruch
Food Administration –
Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration –
William McAdoo
National War Labor Board –
W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh
U. S. Food
Administration
National War Garden
Commission
U. S. Shipping Board
U. S. Fuel Administration
Results of This New
Organization of the
Economy?
1. Unemployment virtually
disappeared.
2. Expansion of “big government.”
3. Excessive govt. regulations in eco.
4. Some gross mismanagement 
overlapping jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public
and private sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for
disadvantaged groups.
Mobilizing the Home Front
• Workers
– Pay and hours went up but so did
the cost of living.
– Increased production meant less
safety precautions.
– National War Labor Board
• Judged disputes between
management and workers to prevent
strikes.
– Women
• Went to work on railroads, docks,
and factories. Jobs usually held by
men.
• After the war women left these jobs
by choice and by force from
employers who wanted men.
Munitions Work
The Red Cross - Greatest
Mother in the World
Even Grandma Buys
Liberty
Bonds
Opportunities for
African-Americans in
WW1
“Great Migration.”
1916 – 1919  70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated
units.
Great Migration
We are ALL Americans!
The Committee of Public
Information (George Creel)
America’s “Propaganda
Minister?”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.
“Remember Belgium”
The “Mad Brute”
Creel Commission Film
1919 Race Riots
Labor Unrest
• Strikes = Communist
• Returning soldiers want
jobs back
– Foreigners
– Women
– Blacks
Government Excess &
Threats
to the Civil Liberties of
Americans
Post-war labor unrest:
 Coal Miners Strike of
1919.
 Steel Strike of 1919.
 Boston Police Strike of
1919.
“Red Scare” -- AntiBolshevism
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia Inquirer
Government Excess & Threats
to the Civil Liberties of
Americans
“The Red Scare”:
 1919 - 3rd. International
goal --> promote worldwide
communism.
 Attorney General, A. Mitchell
Palmer (The Case Against the
Reds)
 Palmer Raids - 1920
Conflict in the Nation
America First
Committee
• Anti-war, advocated the
isolationist policy and
complete neutrality
• Aimed to enforce the
Neutrality Acts
• Prominent members:
– Aviator Charles
Lindbergh
– Future President Gerald
Ford
– Publisher Joseph M.
Patterson (New York
Daily News)
Committee to
Defend America (by
Aiding the Allies)
• Pro-war, advocated aid to
the Allies in the war
• Supported the Lend-Lease
Act
• Prominent members:
– Governor Adlai
Stevenson (IL)
– U.S. Representative
Claude Pepper (FL)
– Hollywood screenwriter
Philip Dunne
– Journalist William Allen
White
Norman Rockwell
Support the War
“Don’t Let That Shadow
Touch Them”
Issued by the
Treasury Department
“United We Win”
Alexander Liberman
1943
Investing in the War
• War Bonds
• 85 Million Americans bought bonds
– Raised nearly $185 billion dollars.
War Production Board
• Established January 1942 by executive
order
• Converted America’s peacetime
economy into maximum wartime
production
• Directed war production
– Supervised the production of over $185
billion worth of weapons and supplies
Conserving Supplies
• Rationing
– Victory gardens
– Food Products
• Office of Price Administration
– War Materials
• War Production Board
Office of War Information
• Create propaganda to promote the war
effort.
– Posters and Films
Hollywood
• 90 million Americans saw a movie once a
week.
• The Government Information Manual for
the Motion Picture
Enlisting Troops
“Man the Guns, Join the Navy”
McClelland Barclay
1942
“Want Action? Join the U.S.
Marine Corps!”
James Montgomery Flagg
1942
Rosie the Riveter
• The “ideal women
worker” – loyal,
efficient, patriotic,
pretty
• A huge icon for
women during
World War II, and in
American wartime
propaganda
• Inspired women to
get involved in the
wartime effort
Rosie the Riveter (cont.)
Rosie the Riveter
Lyrics by Redd Evans and John
Jacob Loeb, 1942
Norman Rockwell
1943
“All the day long,
Whether rain or shine,
She's a part of the assembly line.
She's making history,
Working for victory,
Rosie the Riveter…
…That little girl will do more than
a
Male will do…
…Rosie is protecting Charlie,
Working overtime on the riveting
machine…
…There's something true about,
Red, white, and blue about,
Rosie the Riveter.”
The Domestic View
Grow your own,
Can your own
Make This Pledge: I Pay No
More Than Top Legal Prices
The Domestic View
• Women were told to conserve in order to
support the war effort
– Carry groceries instead of using car
• Preserved tired rubber
– Grow more food
• Increased food production, plus self-sufficiency
– Sew and repair clothing rather than buying new
clothes
• Save cloth for the troops
– Raise money for and contribute to war bonds
– Contribute morality
Military Women
• Excluded from combat positions
• Some served doing traditional
“women’s work” in military branches
(i.e. cleaning and secretarial duties)
• Many women became nurses, or used
their nursing expertise to help in the
war effort (i.e. Red Cross, military
nursing units)
Korean War 1950-1953
The Vietnam
War
1954 - 1975
Dodging the Draft
Enlisting Troops
 Military
draft faced some protest from the
American public
 President Nixon and his special assistant,
Henry Kissinger, came up with a “lottery”
system in 1969.
– 19-year-olds with low lottery numbers were drafted
– Met a lot of protest and controversy
 Later
on, President Nixon created an allvolunteer army
Public Opinion
Shifts
 Media
coverage
– “Living Room War”
– People see the horror of war
– Nightly body counts (INFLATED???)
– Reporters question the war
 “Doves”
– opposed to the war
 “Hawks” – support the goals of the war
The Tet Offensive
 The
first day of the Vietnamese New Year,
January 31, 1968, North Vietnam launched
an enormous attack on the U.S. and South
Vietnam.
 Suggested to the U.S. how brutal and barbaric
the war was becoming
 Completely undermined U.S.’s national
support – within weeks the opposition to the
war doubled
Opposition to the War
 The
Anti-Vietnam War movement
– Protests
 Invasion
of Cambodia - Kent State
 End to War - Marches in Washington D.C.
– Teach-ins: students and faculty coming together,
discussing the war
 University
of Michigan
 University of California, Berkeley
– National Coordinating Committee to End the War in
Vietnam
 Burned
draft cards – New York
The New Left
Radical political movement
of the 1960’s and 70’s
– Mostly comprised of college students
Social activists
Beliefs
– Anti- Draft
– Pro- Civil Rights
– Anti- Traditional values (family,
complacency)
 Rebelled with sex, drugs, and rock’n’roll
– Opposed authority (Anti- Establishment)
Anti-War
Demonstrations
 May 4, 1970
 4 students
shot dead.
 11 students
wounded
 Jackson State
University
 May 10, 1970
Kent State University
 2 dead; 12
wounded
Weathermen
Use violence
 Set off bombs in NYC,
Pentagon, and Capitol
 1969 – October “Day of
Rage”
 Negative reaction toward
them

“Hanoi Jane”
Jane Fonda: Traitor?
Were the anti-war protests of
the 60’s and 70’s effective in
changing public opinion about
the war in Vietnam?
You Decide!
A Comparison
 America’s
national support
differed when comparing World
War II to the Vietnam War.
Despite each war’s start with a
strong sense of unity, support
increased as WWII continued,
yet decreased throughout the
years that the U.S. battled
Vietnam.
The Patriot Act & Homeland Security
• Gives the NSA and FBI
greater ability to
conduct searches of
phone, computer and
other communications
(to name a few
provisions) to fight
terrorism
• Department of
Homeland Security
established.
• Guantanamo Bay