Transcript ww1 -Kevin

Canada’s experience during
World War I.
Home Front
War Measures Act
internment camps
economy
victory bonds and
income tax
role of women
propaganda
War Measures Act
• This poster shows that
German,
Austrian
Hungarian
and
Turk
people had to report
themselves to the office
for registration.
https://www.tumblr.com/search/war%20measures%20act
War Measures Act
• The
War Measures Act gave the government the power to: control
transportation, manufacturing , trade and agricultural production.
Also control the freed om of Canadian. It could arrest people without
laying charges. If they thought anyone was an “enemy alien,” they
could imprison them. 8500 people were held in internment camps.
And the 1000000 have to carry special identity cards.
http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cdobie/toronto-anti-war-measures.htm
Internment camps
•
The photo is a picture of internees being marched off to dinner at the
Petawawa Internment Camp during WWI. German internees received
the best meals and living conditions. Ukrainians were among those
treated the poorest at internment camps in Canada. At one point
"enemy aliens" in Canada were required to register at their local
registar's office. They were also required to report monthly and carry
special identification cards and travel documents.
http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html
Internment camps
The photo is a picture of "alien enemies" arriving at the Petawawa Internment Camp during
WWI. During the war more than 8,500 immigrants from "enemy" countries (e.g., Ukrainians,
Poles, Hungarians, Germans, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, Turks, and Bulgarians) were placed in
internment camps across Canada. Many immigrants were interned for attempting to leave
Canada, posing a security threat to the war effort. Others were interned for acting suspiciously,
showing resistance to authority, being deemed unreliable or undesirable, or for being found in a
state of hiding.
http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html
Internment camps
• The
photo is a picture of internees
carrying their beds into the crowded
barracks where they slept at the
Petawawa Internment Camp during
WWI. As the war dragged on into its
third year, Canada's labor force
became desperate for workers. In
response to this, many of the
internees or "enemy aliens" were
released to work in factories and on
farms. Many times they were forced
to work in places that were far away
from their families.
http://archives.queensu.ca/Exhibits/archres/wwi-intro/canada.html
Economy
• Canada's debt began before the war but quickly
escalated because of it. In 1914, a little before
the war, drought caused a loss in wheat crops,
causing farmers to lose more money than
expected. Between 1914 and 1915, 50 000
railway workers lost their jobs due to Canada's
railway debt. Thankfully in 1916 Canada, along
with the British government, introduced the
Imperial
Munitions
Board.
The
IMB
manufactured
shells
along
with
other ammunition used during the war to aid in
the Shell Crisis of 1915. The Shell Crisis of
1915 was due to the shortage of artillery at the
beginning of World War I. The IMB not only
opened up jobs for the men staying home from
the war, it also gave women the opportunity to
work. Since most men were working in the
trenches, the women had to step up to work for
the economy. This motion put women on the
map and earned them more respect. The IMB
was terminated shortly the war finished.
•
Sadly, after the war ended, Canada's
economy did not jump back into
shape. Because of the war, Canada had
to pay $164 million per year to pay off their
debt. This cause the introduction of the
modern day income tax. Over all,
Canada's total debt reached
$1,665,576,000 because of the war.
•
When all of the soldiers came home,
they were out of a job. Many went back to
farming, but most looked for jobs in
factories. After the war there was a
heightened need for goods and
services. Chemical and steel plants shut
down due to low demand. This resulted in
many years of unemployment that took
Canada ten years to recover from.
Economy - factories
• Wars are very expensive for any country. Troops must be
transported to all areas of the world to fight. They also need many
supplies in order to maintain the war effort.
• In Canada, munitions factories were established to provide the
necessary goods for the troops overseas.
• Ex of munitions: bullets, uniforms, helmets.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2411052/Incredible-photos-shed-light-working-life-Britains-women-First-WorldWar.html
Economy - Munitions Board
• Women
worked
at
munitions factories. Wages
helped Canadian families
to stay together while
soldiers fought overseas.
Food from local farm was
used to feed communities
during the war.
https://sites.google.com/a/share.epsb.ca/canada-s-total-war-in9-wwi/canadian-industry-in-wwi
Victory bonds and income tax
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-during-thewar/the-war-economy/?anchor=351
Borrowing from Canadians
Canadians’ willingness to loan money to their own government by buying war bonds exceeded all
expectations. No bond issue in Canadian history had raised more than $5 million, but Ottawa’s first
“victory bond” drive brought in $100 million, twice the initial estimate. Subsequent drives proved just
as successful. Publicity campaigns, including tens of thousands of posters, linked buying bonds to the
direct support and welfare of soldiers overseas and used a variety of messages to encourage
contributions, from well-known poems to emotional imagery. Long-term interest rates of up to 5.5
percent for terms of up to 20 years were also a powerful inducement.
Total domestic bond purchases during the war exceeded $2 billion, ten times the amount of money
raised abroad. Canada had financed the war by incurring more than $2 billion in debt, thereby
passing the war’s costs to future generations, but it owed most of this money to Canadian citizens, not
foreign lenders. The success of the “victory bond” campaign would be repeated during the Second
World War. Today’s Canada Savings Bonds are the direct descendents of these wartime efforts.
Victory bonds and income tax
Taxing Income and Profits
Wartime costs were not the only factors influencing the
government’s financial policies. As the war continued,
political pressure grew on Ottawa to ensure that
businesses and the wealthy paid their fair share of the
financial burden. Labour organizations, farmers,
churches, and other groups called for the “conscription
of wealth.” Periodic charges of war profiteering by
corrupt officials or unscrupulous entrepreneurs made
for sensational headlines and undermined the
government’s propaganda message that all Canadians
should “do their bit.”
New federal taxes on business profits in 1916 and
personal incomes in 1917 – the latter a ‘temporary’
wartime measure – set important precedents, but the
war ended before either had produced substantial
results. In 1919, personal and corporate taxes combined
accounted for only 3.4 percent of total federal revenues.
Most Canadians paid no tax at all, and those who did
pay, paid very little.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life
-at-home-during-the-war/the-wareconomy/?anchor=351
Role of women
• pictures
of women working
in factories to produce
munition. Women were a
key part in this war, because
they were the main labour
force at home while all the
men were out at war.
• Of the almost 300,000 factory workers engaged
in war production in 1917, approximately one
in eight were women.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworl
dwar/history/life-at-home-during-thewar/the-war-economy/?
Role of women
•
Women were divided not just by the
class system, but also by their gender.
Whether rich or poor, they were not
equal to men. Like criminals and the
insane, women could not vote. Married
women could neither own property nor
take custody of their children without
their husbands' permission. Of course
not all women were badly treated. In my
own family there were women who
worked alongside their husbands and
fathers in their businesses and made their
own careers. But these women did so
because their husbands and fathers
allowed them to do so; not all women
were so fortunate.
http://hubpages.com/hub/Women-in-World-War-1
Role of women
•World War One was famously supposed to be
over by Christmas. In the early months of the
war, before great swathes of men enlisted, life
would have carried on much as usual. Many
would have seen their role as the faithful wife,
ready to keep the home fires burning, write
letters and pray for their loved one's safe
return. The Government's Parliamentary
Recruitment Committee used this traditional
passive
image
of
women
to
help
their recruitment dirve. The brave women,
tearful but resolute, urge their menfolk to go.
http://hubpages.com/hub/Women-in-World-War-1#
Propaganda
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldw
ar/history/life-at-home-during-thewar/the-home-front/?anchor=351
•
•
•
Censorship and Propaganda
The control of sensitive military information was a wartime necessity,
but the government’s role in information management extended far
beyond the surveillance and editing of soldiers’ letters from the front.
An official censor in Canada monitored newspapers and other
publications for material that might harm the war effort, while federal
officials threatened editors and publishers with jail time if they failed
to comply with warning notices.
Large-scale propaganda campaigns became a part of everyday life.
Posters urged enlistment and other forms of war support, and asked
citizens to contribute to charitable campaigns, buy Victory Bonds, or
ration scarce items such as meat or fuel. Their imagery relied on
patriotic symbols, recognizable icons, and historical figures to identify
the war with popular and worthy causes. Public parades, rallies, and
charitable events encouraged voluntary contributions and the shaming
or embarrassment of those who were not “doing their bit.”
16
Propaganda
The War Posters Room
•
•
•
•
Propaganda is the organized dissemination of
information to influence thoughts, beliefs,
feelings, and actions. The posters and
photographs in this exhibition demonstrate
how words and images were used in Canada in
the service of war between 1914 and 1945.
All combatant nations use propaganda in wartime to encourage citizens to make sacrifices and
contributions to hasten victory or endure defeat. Governments and private organizations produce
or commission posters and other items to support recruitment, promote military production,
inform citizens about proper conduct, and assure people that their governments are taking
appropriate action.
The creators of this material exploit the power of words and images to construct persuasive visual
messages that evoke feelings of fear and anger, pride and patriotism. In proposing or privileging
one point of view to the exclusion of others, propagandists during the two world wars were
neither the first nor the last to manage information in this fashion. It is as much a part of our
contemporary world, in commercial advertising or political campaigning, for example, as it was a
part of the Roman Empire over 2000 years ago, when emperors and generals manipulated their
images and accomplishments in order to secure or attain power.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/propaganda/propaganda_e.shtml
Propaganda
• Canadian Posters
• Like all combatant nations, Canada used
•
specifically targeted media and modern
visual design tools for propaganda
purposes during the First and Second
World Wars. In addition to the posters
presented
here,
radio,
commercial
advertising, and other print media all
became important vehicles for propaganda
messaging.
This virtual exhibition overviews briefly
contemporary changes in modern poster
design and film production and their
effects on Canadian propaganda efforts in
the two world wars.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/propaganda/propaganda_e.shtm
l
Battles
• Ypres
• Somme
• Vim Ridge
• Passchendaele
• Hundred Days
Ypres
• Less
than a year after Second Ypres Tuxford, by then a
Brigadier-General in command of the 3rd Brigade, completed
an ‘After Action Report’ that provided candid and at times
brutally frank personal observations of various events during
that battle.
http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo5/no2/images/history-histoire-01.jpg
Ypres
• In 1915, the second Battle of
Ypres
established
the
reputation of the Canadians
as a fighting force. The 1st
Canadian Division had just
arrived on the Western
Front when they won
recognition by holding their
ground against a new
weapon of modern warfare
- chlorine gas.
http://canadaonline.about.com/od/ww1battles/p/ypres.htm
Ypres
http://d22314.hubpages.com/hub/World-War-1-Letter-fromYpres
• Soldiers
using gas masks after the
initial poison gas attack by the
Germans. This war tactic was first
introduced at the battles of Ypres
•
This had been their first tour on the frontlines. They were to
assist the French forces stationed in the Ypres area of France.
They had been under heavy attack for a while now, and also
Germans use gas to attack them.
Somme
•
•
The four-month Battle of the Somme was fought
from 1 July to 18 November 1916. Allied
commanders sought to relieve pressure on the
French defenders of Verdun to the south by
inflicting heavy losses on German forces farther
north and drawing German reserves into the
battle.
The first day of the Somme was a catastrophe for
the British Army and a shock for all the Allies.
Despite the limited Allied gains, German forces
had also suffered horribly. The British pressed
the attack for months, well into the fall. By the
time the battle ended, each side had suffered
more than 600,000 casualties.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battlesand-fighting/land-battles/the-somme/?anchor=118
Somme
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/
battles-and-fighting/land-battles/the-somme/
• The Somme as Historical Controversy
• The Somme was one of the war’s longest attritional campaigns, and remains a source of great historical controversy.
Critics suggest that ineffective and callous British generals ordered their soldiers forward in fruitless and costly
attacks, giving them neither proper weapons nor effective tactics to break through the enemy trenches. Other
historians further suggest that little more could have been done at this stage in the war to achieve victory, and that
the attrition of German troops along the Somme eased enough pressure from the French at Verdun to ensure the
Allied front did not collapse in 1916. French demands for help, they argue, forced the British to attack before they
were ready. Without enough heavy artillery or shells to suppress enemy fire, the British suffered staggering
casualties.
• The Somme was a costly stalemate that led to harsh criticism of Allied commanders, especially Haig, and German
determination to avoid similar casualties by altering their defensive systems. In the fighting of 1917, improved
Allied assault tactics would face deeper, more sophisticated German defences.
Somme
•
•
The joint Allied offensive planned for French forces
to play a prominent role, but heavy casualties at
Verdun reduced their ability to participate. As a
result, British and other imperial forces, under the
command of Sir Douglas Haig, assumed
responsibility for most of the front.
The German defenders along the Somme had
constructed deep dugouts that were difficult to find,
much less to destroy with artillery fire. Many of the
hundreds of thousands of British shells fired before
the attack were inoperative “duds” due to quality
control problems in their manufacture. Others
lacked fuses sensitive enough to explode on contact
with barbed wire, which further reduced the
bombardment’s effectiveness. Because of this, many
German machine-gun positions and dugouts
remained largely unscathed, and deep rows of
barbed wire uncleared.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-and-fighting/land-battles/the-somme/
Vimy Ridge
• In
the week leading up to the battle, Canadian and British
artillery pounded the enemy positions on the ridge, killing
and tormenting defenders. New artillery tactics allowed the
gunners to first target, then destroy enemy positions.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/vimy/index_e.shtml
Vimy Ridge
• Many historians and writers consider the Canadian victory
at Vimy a defining moment for Canada, when the country
emerged from under the shadow of Britain and felt capable
of greatness. Canadian troops also earned a reputation as
formidable, effective troops because of the stunning success
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/vimy/index_e.shtml
Vimy Ridge
• Vimy became a symbol for
the sacrifice of the young
Dominion. In 1922, the
French government ceded
to Canada in perpetuity
Vimy Ridge, and the land
surrounding it.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/vimy/index_e.sh
tml
Passchendaele
•
•
•
The Canadian Corps, a 100,000 strong fighting
formation, was ordered to the Passchendaele
front, east of Ypres, in mid-October 1917.
Horrible Conditions：
Launched on 31 July 1917, the British offensive in
Flanders had aimed to drive the Germans away
from the essential Channel Ports and to
eliminate U-Boat bases on the coast. But
unceasing rain and shellfire reduced the
battlefield to a vast bog of bodies, water-filled
shell craters, and mud in which the attack
ground to a halt. After months of fighting,
Passchendaele ridge was still stubbornly held by
German troops. Sir Douglas Haig, the
commander-in-chief
of
the
British
Expeditionary Force, ordered the Canadians to
deliver victory.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/
battles-and-fighting/land-battles/passchendaele/
Passchendaele
•Deliberate Preparation and Attack
•Sir Arthur Currie, commander of the Canadian Corps, objected to the
battle, fearing it could not be won without a terrible expenditure in
lives, but Haig was desperate for a symbolic victory and insisted on the
effort, believing that even a limited victory would help to salvage the
campaign. Having no choice but to attack, Currie prepared carefully
for the fight, understanding that deliberate preparation, especially for
his artillery and engineers, was the key to advancing over this
shattered landscape.
•The Canadians arrived in Flanders in mid-October to relieve
Australian and New Zealand troops and were shocked by the terrible
battlefield conditions. Currie ordered the construction of new roads,
the building or improvement of gun pits, and the repair and extension
of tramlines (light railways). Horses and mules transported hundreds
of thousands of shells to the front to prepare for the artillery barrage
that would prepare for the infantry’s attack. The Germans atop
Passchendaele ridge fired continuously on these efforts, killing or
wounding hundreds.
•His preparations ready, Currie launched a deliberate or ‘set-piece’
attack on 26 October, the first of four phases in a battle he estimated
might cost 16,000 Canadians killed or wounded. By mid-November,
having captured the ridge, his estimate proved eerily accurate, with
15,654 Canadian fallen.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battlesand-fighting/land-battles/passchendaele/
Passchendaele
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/battles-andfighting/land-battles/passchendaele/
•
•
The Legacy of Passchendaele
The British lost an estimated 275,000 casualties at Passchendaele to the German’s
220,000, making it one of the war’s most costly battles of attrition. The more populous
Allies could better afford the losses, especially with the recent entry of the United
States on their side, but the battle had delivered a blow to the collective morale of the
British Expeditionary Force. Passchendaele, often remembered as the low point of the
British war effort, remains synonymous with the terrible and costly fighting on the
Western Front.
Hundred Days
•
Canada made great contributions and sacrifices in the First
World War. Our many achievements on the battlefield were
capped by a three-month stretch of victories at the end of
the war during what came to be known as “Canada’s
Hundred Days.”
http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/fact_sheets/hundred-days
Hundred Days
http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/fact_sheets/hundred-days
•
In order to provide a more complete picture of events during the last
hundred days of the First World War, culminating in the declaration of the
Armistice on 11 November 1918, a description of the Canadian Corps'
actions, including those of its allies Great Britain, France, Belgium and the
United States, has been provided. Other significant events have also been
noted.
Hundred Days
http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-worldwar/fact_sheets/hundred-days
• The
Canada Remembers Program of Veterans Affairs Canada
encourages all Canadians to learn about the sacrifices and
achievements made by those who have served—and continue to
serve—during times of war and peace. As well, it invites Canadians to
become involved in remembrance activities that will help preserve
their legacy for future generations.
Conscription Crisis
Military Service Act
Military Vote Act
War Time Elections Act
Union
Government/General
Elections 1917
Military Service Act
• Military Service Act
• The Military Service Act of 1917 was a
•
controversial law allowing the conscription
of Canadian men for service in the final
years of the First World War.
The Military Service Act of 1917 was a
controversial
law
allowing
the
conscription of Canadian men for service in
the final years of the First World War.
Although politically explosive, the Act had
questionable military value: only 24,132
conscripted men made it to the battlefields
of the Western Front, compared to the
more than 400,000 who volunteered
throughout the war.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/firstworld-war/
Military Service Act
• In the South African War of 1899–1902, several thousand Canadians had volunteered to fight for the British
•
•
•
Empire overseas. Conscription for Canada's limited war effort in Africa had therefore not been necessary.
The same was true during the early years of the First World War, when huge numbers of Canadian
volunteers — 330,000 overall from 1914–1915 — willingly went to fight against the Germans in France and
Flanders (Belgium).
By late 1916, however, the relentless human toll of the war and the terrible casualties at the front in Europe
were beginning to cause reinforcement problems for the Canadian commanders overseas. Recruitment at
home was slowing, and the manpower and enlistment system was disorganized.
For Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden, the first necessity was to assist the men in the trenches. In May 1917,
when he returned to Canada from the Imperial War Conference in London and from visits to the trenches,
he had decided that compulsory service was necessary. He announced his decision in Parliament on 18
May and then offered a political coalition to Liberal leader Sir Wilfrid Laurier. After consulting his
supporters, Laurier refused. Québec would never agree to conscription, he believed, and if he joined the
pro-conscription coalition, French Canada would be delivered to the hands of such Québec nationalists
as Henri Bourassa. The course was set for collision.
By the fall, after enormous difficulty, Borden had created his Union Government, and the Military Service
Act became law on 29 August 1917. Virtually every French-speaking Member of Parliament opposed
conscription, and almost all the English-speaking MPs supported it. The eight English-speaking provinces
also endorsed Borden's move, while the province of Québec opposed it.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/first-world-war/
Military Voters Act
• The most offensive element of the
legislation was a provision that delayed
the counting of the military vote until 31
days after the election. Where a riding had
not been selected, the party chosen by the
voter could assign the vote to the riding
where it was most needed. Thus, military
votes could be used to change the results
in ridings where the margin of victory had
been narrow.
• The Military Voters Act defined military
voters as any active or retired member of
the Canadian Armed Forces including for
the first time women, Indians, and those
under 21 years old. It allowed military
voters to assign their vote to any riding in
which they had normally been resident
http://acitygoestowa
r.ca/1917-election-
Military Voters Act
• The
most offensive element of the
legislation was a provision that
delayed the counting of the military
vote until 31 days after the
election. Where a riding had not been
selected, the party chosen by the voter
could assign the vote to the riding
where it was most needed. Thus,
military votes could be used to change
the results in ridings where the
margin of victory had been narrow.
http://acitygoestowar.ca/1917election-conscription/
War Time Elections Act
• War-time Elections Act
Law which extended the right to vote to the mothers, wives, and sisters
of the soldiers serving, while at the same time refusing that right to
citizens from enemy countries.
• The second act served the dual purpose of increasing the number of
supporters for conscription and reducing the numbers
opposed. Spouses, widows, mother, sisters and daughters of anyone
who was serving or had served became eligible to vote provided they
met age, nationality and residency requirements. At the same time, the
act denied the vote to conscientious objectors, those born in an enemy
country who became naturalized citizens after 1902 or anyone convicted
of an offense under the Military Service Act.
http://acitygoestowar.ca/1917-election-conscription/
War Time Elections Act
•
•
•
•
•
Wartime Elections Act Changes Who Can Vote
The government had helped pave the way for electoral
victory with legislation in the fall that enfranchised likely
allies and disenfranchised likely opponents.
The Wartime Elections Act gave the vote to the wives,
mothers, and sisters of soldiers, the first women permitted
to vote in Canadian federal elections. These groups tended
to favour conscription because it supported their men in
the field.
The Act then denied the vote to many recent immigrants
from enemy countries (“enemy aliens”), unless they had a
family member in military service. At the same time, the
Military Voters Act extended the vote to all military
personnel and nurses, including women, regardless of their
period of residence in Canada.
Borden’s margin of victory in December was greater than
the votes delivered by either of these controversial
measures, but each had been highly successful. More than
90 percent of military votes, for example, were Unionist.
http://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/lifeat-home-during-the-war/recruitment-andconscription/conscription-1917/
Union Government
•A propaganda using anti-
German sentiments to gain
votes. By advertising that
every ballot for the union
government is a bullet used
against the Kaiser, they're
hoping people will vote to stop
the war.
Union Government
• One
of the many propaganda posters
trying to get people to vote for the
union government; the greater good
• After its election victory, the Union
government began to weaken. The end
of the war in Nov 1918 destroyed the
reason for unionism in the minds of
many adherents. Many Unionists
returned to the Liberal Party or joined
the new PROGRESSIVE PARTY.
Although the Union government was a
coalition of varied political interests,
many
Canadians
of
non-British
background still blamed Borden and the
Conservative Party for conscription
General Elections 1917
http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=ch
ap2&lang=e
•
•
Laurier trying to persuade soldiers to vote for him in
the General Election of 1917. He states his party
platform is to provide as much support to the army as
possible. As the conscription legislation moved
forward under the Union government, Borden was
forced to compromise. Exemptions were promised for
farmers, their sons and conscientious objectors. The
age range of those eligible was also narrowed. By late
August, the Military Service Act was law, making all
male citizens between 20 and 45 subject to military
service for the duration of the war.
To bolster his support in the impending election,
Borden introduced two major changes to election
laws: the Military Voters Act and the Wartime
Elections
Act
•Borden using many acts such as
the Military Voters Act to secure
votes in the 1917 General
Election
http://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&doc
ument=chap2&lang=e
End of the War and Peace
Paris Peace Conference
League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
•
The Treaty of Versailles is the name given to the document stipulating the peace terms imposed on Germany by the
Allied victors of the First World War.
• The Treaty of Versailles is the name given to the document stipulating the peace terms imposed on Germany by the
Allied victors of the First World War. Canada had separate representation at the conference where the treaty was
negotiated, marking an important stage in the gradual movement toward Canadian independence from Great Britain.
• Peace Terms
• The peace terms of 28 June 1919, handed to Germany after the First World War, were drawn up at the Paris Peace
Conference and signed near the French capital at Versailles. The treaty broke up and redistributed the German Empire
and required substantial reparation payments from it. The treaty contributed to German resentment in the period
following the war. In the 1930s Adolph Hitler systematically undid the treaty.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-versailles/
League of Nations
• The representatives of the League of Nations coming together to
discuss matters. These were representatives of countries in the
League of Nations. Canada had a rotating seat with three other
countries in the Council, the true governing part of the League.
Thank You
By Kevin Wei