Transcript Unit 2 PowerPoint - Troup County Schools

Unit Two: Survival
Characterization, text structure, and
propaganda
What is Characterization?
• The techniques and manner that an author
employs to present a character to his or her
readers.
• These techniques include: name,
appearance, actions, words, thoughts,
feelings, and what others say about the
character.
Voices in the Story
Narrator: tells the story to the reader.
Narration: when the narrator speaks.
Character: people in the story.
Dialogue: when characters speak.
Role of the Narrator
Narrative
Characters
1
Story
Setting
2
3
Narrator
Reader
Events
Communication Barrier
“Quotation Marks”
Character’s voices go in quotes.
It was hot. “Turn on the fan,” she said.
N
C
N
He said, “Point it toward us.” She didn’t.
N
C
N
Quotes show when characters speak.
Don’t Write This Down
When are you going to let us in the classroom
the loud student asked. The sleepy student
said Mr. Morton said we can come in when
we’re quiet. Quiet down students said Mr.
Morton. The students were still very noisy
students I thought you said you wanted to
come in and sit down said Mr. Morton.
Don’t Write This Down
“When are you going to let us in the
classroom?” the loud student asked. The
sleepy student said, “Mr. Morton said we can
come in when we’re quiet.” “Quiet down,
students,” said Mr. Morton. The students were
still very noisy. “Students, I thought you said
you wanted to come in and sit down,” said Mr.
Morton.
How are these passages different?
Direct Characterization
The author explicitly tells us what a
character is like.
For example:
• The patient boy and quiet girl were well mannered
and never disobeyed their mother.
• Ed Johnson scratched his head in confusion as the
sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine
performance diagnostic computer. The old mechanic
hated modern electronics, preferring the old days
when all he needed was a stack of manuals and a
good set of tools.
Indirect characterization
You can remember the methods utilized by authors in
indirect characterization by using an acronym, STEAL.
S: Speech: the things said and how they are spoken
T: Thoughts: the character’s private thoughts and feelings
E: Effect on others: how do others react to or behave in
relation to the character?
A: Action: the things a character does
L: Looks: How the character looks/how he or she dresses,
etc.
Examples:
“That Ed Johnson,” said Anderson, watching the old mechanic
scratch his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s
newest engine performance diagnostic computer. “He hasn’t
got a clue about modern electronics. Give him a good set of
tools and a stack of yellowing manuals with a carburetor
needing repair, and he’d be happy as a hungry frog in a flyfield.”
Stanley’s eyes blazed as he surveyed the room. The corners of his
mouth pointed in a decidedly southerly direction. Carol moved
aside as he stalked past her.
“Look out for Stan,” she whispered to Bart. “He’s in another
one of his moods. I’d stay far away if I were you!”
Direct or Indirect?
• Julie owned a multitude of outfits and accessories, and it always
took her forever to decide which combination might impress
Trent. As usual, she called her sister several times for advice.
After doing so, Julie decided to give the navy blue skirt with the
white sweater a try.
• Julie held up six different outfits in front of the mirror and
pondered which would go best with her navy blue shoes, pastel
eye shadow and the diamond earrings she’d already procured
from her overflowing vanity. After ninety minutes of mixing
and matching, and cell-phoning her sister three times for
advice, Julie finally made up her mind. She’d give the navy blue
skirt and white sweater a try, hoping Trent would love it.
Types of Characters
• Flat Character: a (usually) minor character that is
two-dimensional. His or her character can be
summed up in one to two sentences.
• Static Character: One that does not undergo
substantial emotional change/growth from the
beginning to the end of a work.
Types of Characters (cont.)
• Round Character: A complex, many-
sided, seemingly three-dimensional character;
he or she has the qualities to appear almost
human.
• Dynamic Character: One that undergoes
substantial emotional change in the story. Or
someone who at least has the ability to
change.
Types of Characters (cont.)
• Protagonist: The central character of a work;
the author spends the most attention on him or
her.
• Antagonist: any force in a work that is in
conflict with the protagonist. It may be another
character, an aspect of the environment, or even
the protagonist’s own nature.
Point of View
Who tells a story and how it’s told determines the
point of view.
To determine the POV, ask:
1. Who is telling the story?
2. How much does that character get to
know?
3. How deeply does the narrator look inside
other characters and report their thoughts
and feelings?
Points of View:
• First Person: the author tells the story from a
specific character’s POV, using the pronouns, “I” and
“we.” This limits the reader to only that perspective.
• Second Person: the least commonly used; the
narrator tells the story to (usually) another character
using “you.”
• Third Person: the story is told without knowing the
narrator; “he” or “she” are used to refer to the
characters.
Points of View (cont.)
• Omniscient POV: told in third person by a narrator
with unlimited knowledge. We are able to see inside
of any character the narrator wants us to, and the
narrator also has the ability to comment or interpret a
character’s behavior.
• Limited Omniscient: told in third person, but we are
only privy to one chosen character’s experience. We
do not know what others are thinking or feeling.
Points of View (cont.)
• Objective POV: the narrator disappears, never telling
us what any character thinks or feels. We get to see
what happens and hear what is said, but we get no
comment, interpretation, etc. Think of it as watching
a movie. The reader must infer what characters are
like from the dialogue and action.
Text Structure
•
•
•
•
•
•
Irony
Suspense
Mystery
Tension
Mood
Atmosphere
Irony
Objectives:
Students will be able to define irony.
Students will be able to identify the three kinds of irony.
Students will be able to evaluate a situation for irony.
Students will be able to create ironic situations.
Irony
A contradiction between what happens and what you expect
to happen
Examples:
• A fireman afraid of fire
• A dentist with crooked teeth and cavities galore
• You shout “I’m not upset!” but your fists are clenched,
your eyes look like they are ready to pop out, and your face
is the color of tomato red (sarcasm)
Three Kinds of Irony
Verbal Irony
Dramatic Irony
Situational Irony
Verbal Irony
• Saying one thing but meaning another
• Tone of Sarcasm
Examples:
• As your teacher is signing detention forms for students who did
not complete their homework, she says in an irritated voice, “I
just love when students don’t do their homework!”
• It’s raining cats and dogs outside. You took the day off from
work today to finally put up a fence post because of your
annoying neighbors. You express, “This weather is just lovely.”
• Your friend spoils the ending of a movie for you, and you
express in a haughty tone, “Thanks a lot!”
Verbal irony (cont.)
• You have a six-foot tall friend who you call “shorty.”
• You planned six months in advance for good
weather on your wedding day. It is suddenly raining
and hailing. You step outside and say, “Oh good! I
was hoping it would rain.”
Dramatic Irony
• The reader knows something about a character’s
situation that a character does not know.
• The reader is aware of the irony.
• The character is unaware of the irony.
Dramatic Irony
(cont.)
Examples:
• In Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, we know that Brutus is plotting
to kill Julius Caesar, but Julius Caesar does not know this. He
thinks that Brutus is a loyal man to him.
• In Cinderella, the prince goes searching for the “princess” who
lost her slipper at the ball. The prince does not know that she is
a poor girl, almost a slave to her stepsisters and stepmother. It
is ironic because we know the owner of the shoe is Cinderella, a
poor girl, but he thinks it is a girl that comes from great wealth.
When they are at her house she is locked upstairs. They are so
close to each other, yet so far away.
Situational Irony
• What actually happens is not expected to happen
• The character and the reader are unaware of the
irony
Situational Irony (Cont.)
An aviator was sent on a mission to a distant part of a globe. When
he returned to his base, he noticed it was strangely quiet. Everything was
in perfect order, but there wasn’t a sign of life in that place. He wandered
through the town in growing astonishment. Human beings and animals
simply had vanished from the scene.
He tore back to the airport, filled his plane with high octane gas,
and flew terrified, to New York, London, Moscow, Shanghai. While he had
been on his mission, every living creature had apparently disappeared. He
was the only man alive in the world! He weighed the situation carefully
and found it intolerable. Suicide seemed the only solution. He swallowed a
vial of deadly poison and calmly waited for it to take effect. Just as the
drug reached his brain, and the room started swimming before his eyes, he
heard a familiar sound.
It was the telephone ringing.
-Bennett Cerf
What kind of irony is evident in the cartoon?
What kind of irony is evident in the cartoon?
What kind of irony is evident in the cartoon?
What kind of irony is evident in the cartoon?
Suspense
Anxiety or apprehension resulting
from an uncertain, undecided, or
mysterious situation
Suspense is built with:
•Facts
•Innuendo (hint)
•Atmosphere
•Action
Suspense
Read this passage from “Rikki Tikki Tavi.” How does the author
create suspense?
He jumped up in the air as high as he could go, and just under him whizzed by
the head of Nagaina, Nag's wicked wife. She had crept up behind him as he was
talking, to make an end of him; and he heard her savage hiss as the stroke
missed. He came down almost across her back, and if he had been an old
mongoose he would have known that then was the time to break her back with
one bite; but he was afraid of the terrible lashing return-stroke of the cobra. He
bit, indeed, but did not bite long enough, and he jumped clear of the whisking
tail, leaving Nagaina torn and angry.
Mood
• Mood is the feeling that the author tries to convey
throughout the story. The atmosphere or emotional
condition created by the piece, within the setting.
Does the author want the reader to be frightened or
sad, or does the story make the reader laugh and
think happy thoughts?
• To figure out mood, examine how you feel while
reading the story. Often mood is conveyed by the
story’s setting.
Mood
This is an excerpt from “The Cask of Amontillado.”
What mood is created by the author’s word choice?
I laid the second tier, and the third, and the fourth; and
then I heard the furious vibrations of the chain. The noise
lasted for several minutes, during which, that I might
hearken to it with the more satisfaction, I ceased my
labours and sat down upon the bones. When at last the
clanking subsided, I resumed the trowel,...
Propaganda
•
•
•
•
•
propaganda
bias
ethos
pathos
logos
Propaganda
• media that uses carefully-crafted messages to
manipulate people’s actions and beliefs.
• It has one purpose, and one purpose only: to persuade
you.
• There are a variety of propaganda techniques. They
use biased, or one-sided, messages and are designed to
appeal to peoples’ emotions instead of their judgment
and reasoning.
Bias
• prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or
group compared with another, usually in a way
considered to be unfair.
Ethos, Pathos, & Logos
• Ethos or the ethical appeal, means to convince an
audience of the author’s credibility or character.
• An author would use ethos to show to his audience
that he is a credible source and is worth listening
to. Ethos is the Greek word for “character.” The word
“ethic” is derived from ethos
Ethos, Pathos, & Logos
• Pathos or the emotional appeal, means to persuade
an audience by appealing to their emotions.
• Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an
audience; to make the audience feel what the author
wants them to feel.
• A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from
an audience. Another use of pathos would be to inspire
anger from an audience; perhaps in order to prompt
action. Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering”
and “experience.” The words empathy and
pathetic are derived from pathos.
Ethos, Pathos, & Logos
• Logos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an
audience by use of logic or reason.
• To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics,
historical and literal analogies, and citing certain
authorities on a subject.
• Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the
true definition goes beyond that…the word “logic”
is derived from logos.
Fallacy Overview
Fallacy/Fallacious Reasoning
• a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound
argument
• A failure in reasoning that renders and argument
invalid.
• Faulty reasoning; misleading or unsound argument
A few examples
• Argument from adverse consequences (appeal to fear)
• Special pleading (ignoring arguments against your
position)
• Argument to the future (proven one day)
• Argument by generalization (conclusion from
random/possibly unrelated cases)
• Argument by poetic language (sounds good, so it must
be true)
Fallacy examples:
• Argument from adverse consequences (appeal to fear):
saying an opponent must be wrong, because if he is
right, then bad things would ensue.
▫ For example: the defendant in a murder trial must be
found guilty, because otherwise husbands will be
encouraged to murder their wives.
• Special pleading (ignoring arguments against your
position): using the arguments that support your
position, but ignoring or somehow disallowing the
arguments against.
▫ For example: he is a good boy who just made a mistake.
Fallacy examples:
• Argument to the future (proven one day): arguing that
evidence will someday be discovered which will (then)
support your point.
▫ For example: one day there will be evidence to show that
students who drive themselves to school have more
friends.
• Argument by generalization (conclusion from
random/possibly unrelated cases): drawing a broad
conclusion from a small number of perhaps
unrepresentative cases.
▫ For example: because cancer patients use marijuana, all
people should be able to use it.
Fallacy examples:
• Argument by poetic language (sounds good, so it must
be true): when vivid imagery and embellishments in
their speech to make the argument sound better.
▫ For example: eliminating the dress code increases pride,
fosters self-respect, nurtures a student’s ability to make
their own decisions, and think for themselves. Dress
codes tend to quell the students individuality and make
them feel as if they don’t have any say in their
educational experience.