Transcript File

The Cold War
What is foreign policy?
• Any interaction between America and other
countries.
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War
Treaties
Trade agreements
Alliances
Embargos
Etc.
A quick review of American
foreign policy
• 1798-Washington warns us to stay out of
other countries business- so we stay neutral
• 1812- British are impressing our soldiers,
we go to war- Then we try to be neutral
• 1902 Europe is messing with the western
hemisphere – we speak softly and carry a
big stick- Then we try to be neutral
• 1917 the Germans are blowing up our ships
so we enter WWI-then we try to be neutral
American foreign policy changes
forever
• 1941- Pearl harbor is bombed wo we enter
WWII- now we never want to be neutral
again.
• The World is changing and so is the United
States role in it.
Before we begin…
• What is a communist?
• What is a capitalist?
Capitalism
• An economic system where buyers and
seller negotiate the price of goods.
– Individuals own land and own factories
– People make, sell and buy what they want\
• All about the money and the individual
Communism
• An economic system where the government
owns and controls all parts of the ec0nomy
– No individual ownership of land, factories or
materials
– The government dictates who does what and for
how much money
• Tries to eliminate inequality in society
• Blames societies woes on rich elites and
land owners
AFTER WWII
Yalta
• Even before the war is over the US, British
and Soviets get together to discuss what will
happen after the war
– Soviets gained control of much of Eastern
Europe
– Promised “Free elections” used violence and
intimidation to make sure communist leaders
won all elections
UN
• Created to prevent conflict and/or peaceful
end to conflicts. Replace the League of
Nations.
• Today has 158 countries
– 11 nations sit on the security council
– Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China and
the US have permanent seats on the council
– With the Permanent seat comes veto power*
Potsdam Conference
• Change agreements from
Yalta
• War winners take
reparations from their
own occupation zones
• US wants to spread
democracy and free trade
(want to sell our goods in
Eastern Europe)
Satellite
• Satellite country- a country that is under
the influence of another, in this case USSR
• The Soviets wanted to spread communism
and get as many satellites as possible
Iron Curtain
• Winston Churchill
speech gives the nations
of Eastern Europe a new
nickname.
Post War Germany
Containment
• Containment- the US wanted to stop the
spread of communism throughout the world
and contain in to Eastern Europe
• THIS IS THE MAIN POINT OF THE
COLD WAR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
– DON’T YOU DARE GET THIS WRONG!
– The next several slides are examples of how we
try to contain communism
CONTAINMENT
Truman Doctrine
• “It is the US responsibility to help any
nation where the majority are endangered
by a militant minority or outside force.”
• Shapes the next 4 decades of foreign policy
and beyond.
– “Mr. Lowery, why are we always meddling in
other countries business?”
– Here is your answer!
Marshall Plan
• Plan to help the nations of Europe rebuild
after WWII
– We gave billions of dollars to European
countries following WWII
– Belief was that US support would create strong
democracies and open markets for US goods
– If their economy is good they won’t want to be
communists
Post War Germany
Berlin Airlift
• First real stand off of the “Cold War”
– Berlin split into Communist East and
Democratic West
– Soviets try to stop all people in east from
moving west. Soon the wall would be built
– Also stop supplies going into Berlin from the
west
• 200,000 flights carry supplies into Berlin
• 13,000 tons of goods a day
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• 12 Member nations agreed that an attack on
one was an attack on all
• US and western allies
Warsaw Pact
• Basically the same as NATO but with the
Soviets and their satellite nations
• You attack one you attack all
• Collective Security
September 1949
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Soviets successfully test a nuclear bomb
Scares the crap out of Americans
The marks the beginning of the arms race
Most nukes wins!!!
THE SPREAD OF
COMMUNISM
Problem #1 Communism spreads
to China
• China- Mao Zedong leads communist forces
against the nationalist
• Nationalist are backed by the US
• Nationalist flee to Formosa (Taiwan), US
only recognizes the Nationalist
Problem #2 Communism spreads
to Korea
• Korea was divided at 38th Parallel at the end
of WWII
• Communist begin to push toward the south
• UN sends troops to stop the communist
attack.
• MacArthur pushes communist forces into
China
• China sees US troop as threat and drives
UN forces below the 38th parallel again.
Korea
• Truman want to keep the war
“limited”(means no nukes)
• ends in a stalemate
• 33,600 American soldiers die
• Change in policy, after the Korean war the
US gets more militarily involved Asia
(including conflict between the French and
guerillas in Vietnam)
COLD WAR AT HOME (19461955…ISH)
Federal Civil Defense
Administration
• This agency was supposed to make
Americans safe in case of nuclear war
• They came up with some great propaganda
but soon we all figured out we would be
dead in the event of nuclear war any way
Living with the bomb
• Duck and Cover- wishful thinking
• Fallout Shelters-something to make us feel
better
• TV, Movies Books-way more realistic than
the government propaganda
RED SCARE
• The hunt for communists in American
society particularly government jobs
• Many people in Hollywood end up on
blacklists
• HUAC-House Un-American Activities
Committee- leads thousands of
investigations into peoples past looking for
evidence of communist activity
Red Scare
• Majestic- The Commision - YouTube
RED SCARE
• Fear of spies grips the nation
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- tried and found
guilty of passing nuclear secrets to the
Soviets- executed in 1953 (Project Verona
gives proof 42 years later!)
• Alger Hiss- worked for state department,
accused of spying. 1950 went to prison for
4 years
RED SCARE
• Joseph McCarthy- gained power by
accusing people of communist activity,
fueling fear.
• Eventually he took on the army and lost on
TV. People saw him as a bully
• The Red Scare ended but thousands of
Americans were denied rights and lost jobs
fin
END TRUMAN HERE!!
To the Brink
• 52-Eisenhower gets elected in a land slide
(War Hero)
• Ike thinks the key to success is strong
economy
• Sees conventional warfare as too expensive
• Adopts more bang for the buck
• Instead of invasions we promise “massive
retaliation”
• This tactic is nicknamed “brinksmanship”
New Policies
Arms Race
• Soon bombs weren’t good enough
• We need rockets (ICBM) and spy satellites
• Soon space becomes the new race (sputnik
1957)
• The first to the moon would have a
technological advantage, a supposed
military advantage, and prove their
system/culture was the best
Brinksmanship in action
• Taiwan- China wants to invade, begins
bombing
– Ike indicates willingness to use the bomb
Brinksmanship in action
• Suez- Egypt needs a dam, US offers to pay
but deal fails in congress
– Egyptians take control of canal to use profits to
pay for the dam
– British and French react by sending troops in
– Soviets threaten to use rockets and send troops
– Ike puts nuclear forces on alert (French and
English remove troops
Arms Race
• Military intelligence- information is
extremely valuable
• Covert operations become a key tactic in the
cold war (CIA, J. Edgar Hoover)
• Spying is common place
• So is funding developing nations and
backing ($) revolutions in unfriendly ones
(Iran, Guatemala)
Give peace a chance
• Khrushchev- denied entry to Disneyland
(after he says he will bury us)
• More meetings between Ike and
Khrushchev planned
• U2- puts and end to any future summits
Military Industrial Complex
• Eisenhower warns that the relationship
between the increasing military
establishment and the defense industry
could be bad
• Loss of freedom (democracy vs. special
interests)
• Increase expense
• Likely hood of more war (Got tanks?)