US INVOLVEMENT IN WWI - American History I and II
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Transcript US INVOLVEMENT IN WWI - American History I and II
US INVOLVEMENT IN
WWI
The Great War
June 28, 1914
Heir to Austrian
throne Franz
Ferdinand visits
Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia,
recently grabbed
by Austria.
Seal of
the Black
Hand
group
Assassination
“Black Hand”
terrorists attack
the Arch Duke
Bomb attempt fails
in morning
Gavrilo Princip
shoots Archduke
and wife in the
afternoon.
Austrians blame
Serbia for
supporting
terrorists.
Alliances: BFF’s
By 1914 all the major
powers were linked
by a system of
alliances.
The alliances made it
more likely that a
war would start.
Once started, the
alliances made it
more likely to
spread.
Imperialism
All the great powers were competing
for colonies / territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia
in the Balkans
Nationalism
This
was an age when all nations
wanted to assert their power and
independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and
Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian
rule.
Serbia’s
national
flag
Causes of American Involvement
1.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
2. British propaganda
3. Zimmerman Telegraph
4. Russian Revolution
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germany
created a new submarine
called the ”U-Boat”
British blockaded North Sea, so
Germany gave a “sink on sight”
order to any ship approaching Britain
May 7th, 1915-British passenger liner
the “Lusitania” sunk off the coast of
Ireland
Killed 128 Americans
The Lusitania
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Aug.
1915
The Arabic is
sunk by the
Germans
2 Americans
are killed
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
March 1916
The Sussex, an
unarmed passenger
ship is sunk
America threatens
to cut off diplomatic
relations
Sussex pledge- no
passenger or
merchant ships
would be sunk
without warning
British Propaganda
The
British sent news of the war to
US newspapers everyday
Full of Propaganda
Led the American public to be
sympathetic toward the British
British Propaganda
British Propaganda
British Propaganda
British Propaganda
British Propaganda
Zimmerman Telegram
March
1917-British authorities gave
to the US a telegram that was
supposedly sent to Mexico from
Germany
It had been decoded by the British
It asked Mexico to declare war on
the US and they would be supported
by Germany
Russian Revolution
March
1917-Russia left WWI due to a
Revolution in their own country
Germany now would concentrate
totally on the Western Front
Pleas from Great Britain and France
to join the war effort
Declaration of War
April
2, 1917-Wilson asks Congress
to declare war on Germany
“The World must be made safe for
Democracy”
April 6th-Congress votes and declares
war
Your Turn Soldiers
As an American you must play your part in
this War to end all wars. You will placed
with a partner to write an intelligence
letter back to a certain person during the
war. You will report to me only in dire
circumstances.
Work together to finish your mission and
be prepared for your briefing afterwards.
Good luck, God speed, and remember
American is counting on you.
List of Objectives
Homefront (1)
– Jobs/Women and Labor/Government Bonds
– Conservation/Food/Children
– Hollywood
Battlefront
– Technology/Tanks/Trench Warfare/Mustard Gas/Planes:
Red Baron (4)
– Battle of Belleau Wood (June 6, 1918) (5)
– Battle of Cantigny (May 26, 1918)
– Generals John Pershing and Peyton C. March writing war
efforts to President Wilson (6)
– Kaiser Wilhelm: who he is/why the war needed to
happen/abdicates (7)
– Woodrow Wilson: who he is/why America goes to
war/Selective Service Act/Armistice Day (8)
Mobilization
Europe needed
munitions and
supplies-immediate
action
Encouraged people
to eat less meat
and bread
Invented Daylight
Savings to
conserve fuel
Mobilization
Convinced
Americans to put
savings into
“Liberty Bonds”
Increased income
tax, business tax,
and excise tax
US Propaganda
Made heroes out of
soldiers and villains
out of the Germans
Attacked and gave
new names to
anything that
sounded German
US Propaganda
US Propaganda
Civil Liberties
Espionage
Act of 1917-imprisoned
for 20 year if caught inciting a riot or
obstructing the draft
Sedition Act of 1918-Prohibited from
making disloyal remarks
Schneck v. US (1919)-Restriction of
civil liberties is ok if it demonstrates
a “clear and present danger” to
public safety
Minorities
Women-Entered
the workforce in
mass, took the jobs of soldiers
fighting in Europe
Mexicans-immigrating in mass to get
agricultural work in the southwest
African-Americans-400,000
volunteered for the armed services,
served in non-combat roles, and in
segregated units
Armed Forces
Thousands
volunteered
Selective Service
Act (1917)-2.8
million drafted by
lottery
American
Expeditionary
Force (AEF) led by
General John J.
“Black Jack”
Pershing
Casualties
49,000-Combat
Deaths
64,000-Died from Disease
Worldwide Flu Epidemic
Armistice
November
11, 1918 at 11am
“On the 11th day of the 11th month at
the 11th hour”
Memorialized-Veterans Day
Germany surrendered their arms,
Navy, and occupied territory
Wilson’s Plan
Called
the 14 points
Points 1-5-Remove the Causes of
War
– Freedom of Seas
– Prohibit secret treaties
– Reduce Arms
– Reduce colonies
– Self-Determination-each person allowed
to move to country of their nationality
Wilson’s Plan
Points
6-13-Boundary Changes
Point 14-League of Nations
– Most valued-heart of peace plan
– Peace association-solve problems by
diplomatic means instead of war
Treaty of Versailles
January
Big
1919-Paris
Four
– Woodrow Wilson-US
– David Lloyd George-Great Britain
– Georges Clemenceau-France
– Vittorio Orlando-Italy
Wilson
Lloyd George
Clemenceau
Orlando
Treaty of Versailles
Wilson
wanted this to be the “war to
end all wars”
Others wanted revenge
Months of arguing
Wilson compromised on all of his 14
points except one
Treaty of Versailles
Provisions
1.
Germany was disarmed, stripped
of colonies, forced to admit guilt,
occupation of Rhineland, and had to
pay reparations (war debt) to
England and France
2. Many boundary changes
3. Established a League of Nations
Boundary Changes
Weakness of Treaty
Central
Powers not invited
Russia not invited-took land away
Germany blamed
Led to three wars
– WWII
– Cold War
– Vietnam War
US Ratification
Wilson
returns with treaty
Has to get 2/3 vote in Senate
Election of 1918-Majority of
Republicans in both houses
Senate-raised objections to treaty
especially League of Nations-against
the Monroe Doctrine
US Ratification
Opponents
divided into two groups
– Irreconcilables-would not accept the
treaty
– Reservationists-Would accept the treaty
if reservations placed on League of
Nations
– Henry Cabot Lodge leader of
reservationists
US Ratification
Wilson against any reservations
Tries to rally public support by a speaking
tour in the west
Sept. 25th, 1919-collapsed while speaking,
returned to Washington and suffered a
massive stroke
Never recovered
Many believe his wife was running the
country
Led to the 25th Amendment-Presidential
handicap
US Rejection of Treaty
Senate
voted twice on treaty
Rejected both times
1921-US signed separate peace
treaty with Germany
Never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
or joined the League of Nations