Transcript Holocausts. Plural.

Holocausts. Plural.
Armenia
“Who still talks of the extermination
of the Armenians?”
• 1914 – 1923
• Relocation and murder
of approximately one
million Christian
Armenians from
Turkey
• 2nd most studied case
of genocide
The Armenian Genocide
• Turkey: not a result of
a ‘state sponsored’
plan, but the result of
inter-ethnic strife,
disease, and world war
turmoil + no records
• The UN & 21 other
countries disagree on
the record
The 21
Evidence of the time, at the time
Haunting similarities
• Armenians disarmed
• Armenian leaders and
intellectuals killed
• Armenians ‘deported’
to Syria and Iraq
(only 500,000 made it
alive)
The Armenian Memorial
• Drafted in 1965 (50 year)
• 12 slabs = 12 lost
Turkish provinces
• Eternal flame in center
• Along park, 100 meter
wall with names of
towns and villages
where massacres took
place
• Museum added 1995
Germany
The Nazi Holocaust
• 1938 – 1945
• 11-13 million killed
People who were
Jewish, communist,
gay, mentally ill,
physically infirmed,
political enemies,
The Nazi Holocaust
• Led by Adolf Hitler,
Himmler, and
Goebbels
• “Final Solution”
• Victims derided,
labeled, moved to
ghettoes, then camps,
then murdered
The Nazi Holocaust Propaganda
Resolution?
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Hitler, suicide
Mengele, fled to SA
Himmer, cyanide in jail
Goebbels, wife killed six
children with
morphine/cyanide, then
each other
• Nuremberg Trials for
those 22 remaining
-3 acquitted
-12 partially acquitted
-12 sentenced to be
hanged October 16, 1946
UN Resolution 1948
Article 2
• The following acts, to
destroy in part or whole, a
national, ethnic, racial, or
religious group by:
• Killing members of the
group;
• Causing serious bodily
or mental harm to
members of the group;
•Deliberately inflicting
conditions of life calculated
to bring about the group’s
whole or partial physical
destruction
•Imposing measures
intended to prevent births
within the group;
•Forcibly transferring
children of the group to
another group.
Article 3
• The following acts shall
be punishable:
• (a) Genocide;
• (b) Conspiracy to commit
genocide;
• (c) Direct and public
incitement to commit
genocide;
• (d) Attempt to commit
genocide;
• (e) Complicity in
genocide.
Current Anti-Semitic Propaganda
Cambodia
Cambodia & Khmer Rouge
• 1975 – 1999
• 1 – 3 million killed
under the leadership of
Pol Pot
• 25%-30% of the
country!
• Political executions,
starvation, &
overwork
Cambodia & Khmer Rouge
• The Killing Fields
• Moved ‘pro-Western’
and ‘educated’ to the
countryside under
guise of ‘US attacks’
• Civil servants and
educated people sent
to ‘re-education
centers’ to embrace
idealistic communist
peasantry
Genocide in Cambodia
• ‘Old people’ vs. ‘New
people’ would play out for
decades
• Family relationships
banned, no private
ownership, no technology
• Forced ‘livelihood
meetings’
-propaganda indoctrination
-’rat out’ enemies to the state
Cambodia & Khmer Rouge
Capital Crimes:
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not working hard enough
wearing glasses
complaining
stealing (for survival)
wearing jewelry
having sex
grieving for lost loved
ones
• practicing religion
Bosnia Herzogovina
• 1992-1995
• 200,000
• Serbian communist
nationalists led by
Slobodan Milosevic
• Unstable area since
before World War I
(Archduke Francis Ferdinand)
Bosnia Herzegovina
• ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ of all
Muslims from greater
Serbia
• Mass executions, death
marches, torture, rape
camps, & displacement
Justice?
• Arrested for war
crimes in 2001, and
tried in 2002
• Died of natural causes
in his cell at The
Hague while being
tried for war crimes
• Over 70 villages gone,
and counting.
Rwanda
Rwanda
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1994
1 million
1.5 million refugees
Tutsi (poor) vs. Hutu (royal)
Key event, illustrated
the ineptitude/apathy
of UN, US, France
from brewing through
killing
(“deliberate/convenient”)
Rwanda
• Hutu nationalism,
anti-Tutsi propaganda
of hate/fear
• Hutu amassed arms
• Genocide was openly
discussed in cabinet
meetings
• President Juvenal
Habyarimana’s plane
shot down
Justice?
• UN Tribunal for big
players
• Rwandan courts for
smaller participants
• Led by Paul Kagame
and past 10th year and
relish stability
• Over 10,000 await
trial in the Gacaca
Darfur and Sudan
Darfur, Sudan
• 1983 – present
• 2 million; 2-4 million
displaced
• Janjaweed from
Baggara tribes vs.
rural people not from
Baggara lineage (Arab
vs. non-Arab)
Darfur, Sudan
• SLA (Sudan People’s Liberation
Army) was dominating,
until Sudan contracted
and armed the
Janjaweed
• With government
weapons, the
Janjaweek dominated
• ER fans?
Justice for Sudan?
• Sudan has been
stonewalling
• In August of 2006, the
Darfur Peace and
Accountability Act
was passed in US
• Genocide Intervention
Network politician
‘score cards’
But Darfur is around the world . . .
• www.azlostboyscenter.org
• Over 550 displaced
refugees from Darfur
• Why ‘lost boys’?
• Local center provides
English support, tutoring,
events, and technology
training
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Classification
US vs. THEM (Nazi/Jew, Hutu/Tutsi);
bipolar societies sans mixed categories
more vulnerable to genocide
• Recognize and prevent:
find common ground, develop institutions
that bridge differences, actively educate
about tolerance and promote understanding
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Symbolization
Giving names or other symbols to groups of
people we’ve classified (yellow star, blue scarf, etc)
• Recognize and prevent:
Eliminate hate speech, hate symbols, and
group markings
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Dehumanization
Denying people their humanity, classifying
them as sub-human and vilifying them . . .
an essential tool for overcoming visceral
revulsion to murder
• Recognize and prevent:
Hate propaganda should be banned, hate
violence should be punished
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Organization
Genocide is always organized by a
government or powerful group, and plans
are made for the killing
• Recognize and prevent:
Membership in such groups should be
outlawed. Their leaders must be denied
international travel visas. The UN should
investigate suspect hostilities. Arms
embargos should be established.
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Polarization
Target moderates. Forbid intermarriage and
socialization between groups. Heavy ‘black
and white’ propaganda
• Recognize and prevent:
Seize assets of leaders and deny visas.
Security detail for moderate leaders, and
human rights organizations assist
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Preparation
Death lists drawn up, people physically separated
and forced to wear identification, forced into
campus, ghettoes, and starvation regions
• Recognize and prevent:
Call ‘genocide alert’, mobilize UN & NATO,
provide armed prevention and humanitarian
assistance
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Extermination (interesting word choice)
• Recognize and prevent:
Only rapid & overwhelming armed
intervention can make an impact. Armed
‘safe areas’ need to be created for refugees.
Long-term troops and humanitarian aid.
Humanitarian laws supercede nation rights
Eight Stages of Genocide
• Denial
Attempts by perpetrators to destroy
evidence, block investigations, cover-up
atrocities, & blame victims
• Recognize and prevent:
Punishment by international or national
tribunals where evidence can be publicly
heard and killers can be held accountable