Transcript Referencing the Harvard way

Cite it right: Referencing the
Harvard way
Why reference?
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Allows you to use other author’s views
without being accused of stealing them (or
plagiarism)
E.g. without – I think the team did well, and never was so
much owed by so many to so few.
With – The team did well in their endeavours and in the
words of the great man, ‘Never was so much owed by so
many to so few’ (Churchill, 1940, p22)
Why reference?
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Helps your lecturer/reader find the
source you have used
E.g. Without – It has been said that action
research is an approach which is appropriate
in any context.
With – ‘Action research is an approach which
is appropriate in any context.’ (Bell, 2005,
p.8)
Why reference?
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It’s being marked – get a better grade
A16 A15 A14
There is evidence of research/ investigation & critical evaluation
using a wide range of appropriate criteria, sources and perspectives.
The student inter-relates and synthesises concepts & theories. There is
evidence of independent thought and coherence. Very well written.
E4
Limited evidence of appropriate reading & inadequate use of
evidence to substantiate points. Mainly descriptive, lacks analysis,
& coherence. Possibly sweeping statements, poor grammar.
What Should You Avoid? What Should You Seek to Achieve?
(warning in course guide)
Always acknowledge the use of someone else’s work, using the
appropriate system of referencing. Also, it is a very serious offence to
use someone else’s work, especially word-for-word or paraphrased
contents of other’s work. This is called “plagiarism” and will be
covered throughout the programme to ensure that you are aware of
how to avoid it.
Harvard referencing
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Main system in use at the University
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Sometimes called the author date method
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2 main elements
 References in the text
 Bibliography (list at the end)
Full guide available at
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level5.asp?UserType=4&Lev
el5=500
What you need to record
BOOK
Author
Year published
Title
Edition
Place of publication
Name of publisher
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JOURNAL
Author
Year published
Title of article
Title of Journal
Volume
Part
Page
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ELECTRONIC
As much as you can
from the other
columns
Date you accessed
Electronic address or
email
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Finding author and date
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Book : on the title page, front and back
Journal : at the top of the article and on
front cover of the journal
Web page
Other items, e.g., a Report
Reference info on books from
OPAC
From Academic Journals
Books
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Arya, C. (2003) Design of structural elements. 2nd
ed., London: Spon Press.
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=79
Chapter in an edited book
 Whittaker, K.A. (1990) Dictionaries. in Lea, P.W. and
Day, A. (eds.) Printed reference material. London:
Library Association Publishing, pp.11-23.
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=82
Journals
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Oulton, T. (1995) Using libraries.
Management Decision, 33(51), pp.5162.
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=2653
Electronic sources
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Chartered Institute of Library and Information
Professionals (CILIP) (2008) Information
literacy: a definition [online]. London: CILIP
[cited 7th August 2008].
<http://www.cilip.org.uk/policyadvocacy/infor
mationliteracy/definitiondefault.htm>.
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=2655
Citing a direct quote from a book:
Bartlett and Burton (2007, p.33) note that “watching
other people becomes observation, asking questions
becomes interviewing”.
Researchers have concluded “that although not all
young people may possess the abilities to pursue
higher mathematics or quantum mechanics, all
should - be afforded significant exposure to serious
literacy, historical, cultural and moral appreciation”.
(Carr 2004, p.18)
Citing an author for an indirect quote or
general theme:
. . . . In discussing the background of
educational inequality, Trowler (2003)
states that it was only the relatively
wealthy who could afford an education
of reasonable quality prior to 1870. . . .
.
Examples of within and at end
Different ways of referencing within the text
In his discussion about wartime film, Chapman (1998) notes
that the cinema was a valuable tool for propaganda
Chapman (1998) explains that cinema was a valuable tool for
wartime propaganda
Cinema was a valuable tool for wartime propaganda
(Chapman, 1998)
Reference in Bibliography (list at the end):
Chapman, J. (1998) The British at war: cinema, state and propaganda
1939-1945. London: I.B. Tauris
Words to use
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Green
Green
Green
Green
Green
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
(1999)
argues…
reports…
concludes…
finds…
states…
Secondary referencing
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This refers to authors quoting other authors.
Do not mislead your reader – within your text, cite
the original author, date and the author of the
secondary source, date and page number, e.g……”
The continuing health of mathematics as a subject
depends… on…creating a wider understanding of why
mathematics should be financially supported.”
(Anderson, 2002 in Sharp et al., 2006,p.84)
http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=91
Citing in the text
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Quoting
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Summarising
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Using the exact words from the text. Quotation
marks should be used.
Taking the key points from a book or article and
expressing them in your own words.
Paraphrasing
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Interpreting an author’s ideas and expressing
them in your own words. The same meaning
written in a different way.
Plagiarism
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Using an author’s words or ideas
without acknowledging the source of
information you used
Need to be able to describe and
discuss an author’s ideas without
plagiarising
Examples
Quotation
Green (1999) writes that “we live in the shadow of
the sixties. Of all the artificial constructs by which
we delineate our immediate past, ‘the sixties’ have
the greatest purchase on the mass imagination.
They stand rightly or not, as the dominant myth of
the modern era”.
Summary
Green (1999) argues that the sixties are the pivotal
period of the modern world.
Examples (2)
Paraphrasing
For Green (1999), the idea of ‘the sixties’ has a very
powerful hold on our contemporary culture.
Paraphrasing and quoting
For Green, ‘the sixties’ have a strong resonance in
contemporary culture, describing them as “the
dominant myth of the modern era” (1999, p62)
Spot the mistakes (1)
Original
At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the
sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’.
For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the
‘revolution’ into two parts.
Essay extract
At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the
sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’.
For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the
‘revolution’ into two parts.
Copied word for word without attribution - Plagiarism
Spot the mistakes (2)
Original
At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the
sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’.
For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to
divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.
Essay extract
Green (1999) points out the inevitability of encountering the
word ‘revolution’ when looking at the sixties. For the
purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the
‘revolution’ into two parts.
The 2nd sentence is directly lifted but only the 1st is
attributed – Plagiarism
Spot the mistakes (3)
Original
At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the
sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word
‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems
best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.
Essay extract
At the core of any discussion of what occurred during the
sixties, one unavoidably meets the word ‘revolution’. For
the intention of this discussion, it is necessary to
separate the ‘revolution’ into two parts.
This is still plagiarism. The essay example just exchanges
one word for another. Possibly most dangerous. (subtle)
Spot the mistakes (4)
Original
At the crux of any discussion of what happened during the
sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’.
For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide
the ‘revolution’ into two parts.
Essay extract
Green (1999) argues that any discussion of ‘the sixties’
inevitably involves use of the term ‘revolution’. In his book,
he chooses to divide this ‘revolution’ into two distinct parts.
The source is correctly referenced. No plagiarism.
Bibliography
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At the end of your work before
appendices
Must contain everything that you have
referenced in your assignment
Listed in alphabetical order by author
regardless of format
Example of list
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Ashworth, A. (2002) Human rights, serious crime and
criminal procedure. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Cane, A. (2002) 3D display points to holograms at
home. Financial Times [online]. 22 Oct 2002, Surveys
edition, p.11 [cited 11th August 2008]. Accessed via:
<http://proquest.umi.com>>.
Cathcart, B. (2007) Art history visual culture. Art
History, 136(4845), pp.27-37.
Tips
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Keep a record of resource details as you
go along
be consistent with method you use
help on the LC web site –
www.wlv.ac.uk/lib and link to Study
Skills - Referencing
ask if you need help!
Study Skills
supporthttp://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level4.asp?UserType=6&Level4=1484
Exercises
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Referencing quiz on WOLF
Plagiarism quiz – designed by Monash
University Library in Australia
Practice referencing websites
http://referencing.port.ac.uk/apa/index.
html