Transcript World War I - Liz Collins' Classroom Website! :)

WORLD
WAR I
A Project
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World War I
I.
Long-term Causes of WWI
A.
Nationalism
1. A zealous devotion to the interests
and culture of one’s nation.
2. Nationalism led to competitive and
antagonistic rivalries among
nations.
World War I
– B. Imperialism
• 1. For many centuries, European nations had been
building empires and, in so doing, slowly extended
their own economic and political control over
various peoples.
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World War I--Imperialism
• The Industrial Revolution:…had given
Europeans and Americans the means and
the motives to seek GLOBAL DOMINATION.
That is exactly what many nations do!
• Europeans….divide up Africa and challenge the Muslim
world. British take over in India. Asia becomes a part of
the world picture.
• Militaries are suddenly on the alert.
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• C. Militarism (3rd long-term cause of the War)
– 1. Militarism is a policy that focuses on the
development of armed forces and their use as
a tool of diplomacy.
– 2. Almost every nation competes for the most
powerful military.
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World War I
• D. System of Alliances
– 1. The Triple Entente (Allies) is made up of
FRANCE, RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN.
– 2. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) is
made up of GERMANY, AUSTRIAHUNGARY, ITALY, together with THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE.
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World War I
• Hand out:
– Events that drew the US into the Great War….
• Cut out images and place in project.
• Homework: Images of 3-4 of the “important” people
of WWI (example: Woodrow Wilson)
• TAKE OUT A PIECE OF NOTEBOOK PAPER….
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World War I—3 Words
• Neutral……………Neutrality
• Isolation…………Isolationist, Isolationism
• Imperialism……….Imperialist, imperialistic
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World War I—3 Words
• President Wilson and many Americans did
not want to take sides in a European war;
they wanted to maintain ______________.
• The Atlantic Ocean between Europe and
the American continent gave many
Americans the hope that they could
remain ______________ and not be
drawn into Europe’s problems.
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World War I—3 Words
• President Wilson saw the role of
Americans not as ______________,
taking advantage and gaining power over
other nations, but rather as peacemakers
who would keep the world safe for
Democracy.
• People who believe that a country should
keep out of foreign affairs are called
_______________.
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World War I—3 Words
• The US maintained _____________; it did
not take sides, for nearly 3 years.
• The US did not enter the war for
______________ purposes, but because
as President Wilson said, “to make the
world safe for Democracy.”
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World War I—3 Words
• American citizens believed that the US
could maintain a ______________
position while Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Turkey waged an ______________
war on their European neighbors.
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World War I
• II. An assassination leads to war.
– A. The Balkan Peninsula
(an exercise In mapping)
• 1. The “powder keg of Europe”
• 2. Europe’s leading powers had interests there.
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World War I
• a. Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean
and the Black Sea (trade).
• b. Germany wanted a rail link w/ the Ottomans.
• c. A-H was accusing Serbia of subverting their
power in Bosnia.
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World War I
• B. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1. Heir to the Austrian throne
2. assassinated in the Bosnian capitol of Sarajevo
by a Serbian nationalist.
C. Alliance system pulls one nation after another
into the conflict.
1. A-H declares war on Russia after treaty
2. Germany declares war on Russia to keep treaty
with A-H
3. Britain declares war on Germany and A-H.
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World War I
• Franz Ferdinand shortly before his
assassination:
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World War I
• III. The Fighting Starts
•
•
•
•
A. The Schlieffen Plan (German War Strategy)
1. Germany invades Belgium
2. G. military mobilizes against France.
3. Eventually move against Russia.
•
•
•
•
B. Trench Warfare
1. 1,000s of miles of trenches
2. Completely new way of dealing w/ the enemy.
3. Fighting inconclusive. Battles were fought literally
over yards.
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World War I
• IV. Americans question neutrality
• A. Divided loyalties
• 1. Socialists…criticized the war as an imperialist struggle
between. Ger. And Eng.
• 2. Pacifists…believed war was inherently evil.
• 3. Millions of naturalized Americans—immigrants—
felt….. tied to the countries they were from.
• 4. Many Americans felt close to the British because…..
Of the sense of a common ancestry/language.
• 5. Many did not want their sons to experience…..the
horrors of war.
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World War I
• V. The War Hits Home
• By 1917, America had mobilized for war
against Germany and the Central Powers
for 3 reasons
• a.
• b.
• c.
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Woodrow Wilson
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World War I—A President Speaks
• “But the right is more precious that peace, and
we shall fight for the things which we have
always carried nearest to our hearts—for
democracy, for the right of those who submit to
authority to have a voice in their own
governments, for the rights and liberties of small
nations, for a universal dominion of right by such
a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace
and safety to all nations, and make the world at
last free.”
Woodrow Wilson
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World War I—A President Speaks
• Some questions:
• What did Wilson mean by the statement:
“The right is more precious than peace”?
• Can you name another period in history
when people believed Wilson’s statement?
• What did Wilson mean by “things which
we have always carried nearest to our
hearts”?
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World War I
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World War I
• Propaganda posters…………………….
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World War I & Propaganda
• Answer the following questions:
• 1. How would you define the word
“propaganda”?
• 2. Can you think of an example of
propaganda that others would recognize”?
• 3. What do you consider the purpose of
propaganda to be?
• 4. Who do you think MAKES propaganda?
• 5. Propaganda is………..
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Propaganda
• P. is the spreading of ideas, information or
rumours for the purpose of furthering a cause or
goal.
• In wartime, governments have used propaganda
to justify their war aims, encourage enlistment
and urge citizens to increase production, recycle
used items, and buy victory bonds.
• Propaganda is also used to vilify the enemy or
exaggerate one’s own accomplishments.
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World War I
• Wilson pleads to make the world:
• “Safe for Democracy”
• Many actually believed that the US had to join the war to
pave the way for future order, peace, and freedom.
• ++++ America mobilizes
– A. The US was not prepared for war.
– 1. Only 200,000 men in the service when war was
declared and few of them had combat experience.
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World War I
• B. Raising an army
– 1. Legislation is passed creating the Selective
Service Act.
– 2. 24 million men sign up and 3.5 million are
chosen.
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World War I
• C. Mass production.
– In addition to the vast army that had to be
raised, the US had to find a way to transport
men, food, and equipment over thousands of
miles of ocean.
– 1. Government takes four crucial steps:
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World War I
• a. Convoy system.
• b. Shipyard people/workers shielded from the
draft.
• c. Government campaign focusing on the
importance of shipyard work.
• d. Government converted commercial/private
ships into Transatlantic vessels capable of
carrying supplies for the war.
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World War I
• VIII. America turns the Tide
– A. Convoy system
– 1. Heavy guard of destroyers escorts
merchant ships
– B. Fighting in Europe
– 1. Allied forces are exhaused. America’s true
contribution? A freshness and a sense of
enthusiasm.
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World War I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IX. Fighting “over there”
A. New weapons
1. The tank
2. The airplane
3. Machine gun
X. The war introduces new hazards
A. Corpses everywhere. Lice, diseases,
rats, shell-shock, toxic gasses….
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World War I
•
•
•
•
XI. American troops go on the defensive
A. American war hero
1. Alvin York
2. Originally wanted “conscientious objector”
status but would prove to be one of the bravest
of the brave.
• B. The collapse of Germany
• 1. Nov. 1918. A-H surrenders to the Allies.
• 2. 11/11/18: Armistice signed.
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World War I
• C. The final toll
• 1. 18 million dead.
• 2. 338 billion dollars in total spent.
• “The War had changed the world forever.”
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World War I
• Part II.
• I. The war at home
• Congress gave President Wilson direct
control over much of the economy
including the power to fix prices and to
regulate—even to nationalize—certain
war-related industries.
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World War I
• A. War industries board
• 1. Board encourages companies to use massproduction methods to increase efficiency.
• 2. Encourages the standardization of products.
• B. War economy
• 1. Wages rose for the most part.
• 2. A households income, however, was largely
undercut by rising food and housing costs.
• C. Food administration
• 1. Created to help produce and conserve food.
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World War I
• II. Selling the war
• A. War financing
• 1. The US spent approximately 35.5 billion
dollars on the war.
• B. Committee on public information
• 1. Massive nationwide propaganda campaign
supporting the war effort.
• 2. Campaign promoted patriotism but also
inflamed hatred and violations of the civil
liberties of certain ethnic groups ad opponents of
the war.
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World War I
III. Attacks on civil liberties increase
• A. Anti-immigrant hysteria
• 1. Bitter attacks against those of German
descent.
• 2. Orchestras refused to play the music of
Beethoven, Mozart, and Handel.
• …….SEE CARTOON pg.597
• …….Sacco and Vanzetti. Students read pages 619-620
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• B. Espionage and Sedition Acts.
– 1. Under these acts, a person could be fined up to
10,000 dollars and sentenced to 20 years in prison for
interfering with the war effort or for saying anything
disloyal, profane or abusive about the government or
the war effort.
• 2. Openly targeted Socialists and labor leaders.
• 3. Newspapers and magazines that opposed the
war or criticized any of the Allies lost their
mailing privileges.
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World War I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IV. The War Encourages Social Change.
A. African Americans and the War
1. ….I’ll help you with this…wait for next slide.
2.
Flu
Epidemic
B. The Great Migration
Pg.601 in
1.
text
2.
C. Women and the war
1.
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Supreme Court
• Schenk v. United States
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World War I and Social Change
• African Americans and the War:
• 380,000 African Americans joined the
Army. 200,000 went to Europe, but only
about a quarter of that saw combat.
• The rest worked as laborers, building
roads, digging trenches, and unloading
ships. Even in the face of discrimination,
African Americans were willing to fight for
freedom.
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World War I and Social Change
• Some comments on the War:
• A. Phillip Randolph, an outspoken advocate for
African American rights and the publisher of a
radical Harlem newspaper, questioned why men
of his race should fight in yet another war for a
country that would not grant them full citizenship.
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World War I and Social Change
• W.E.B. Dubois, another African American
leader and founder of the NAACP argued
that, “…while the war lasts (we should)
forget our special grievances and close
our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our
white fellow citizens and allied nations that
are fighting for democracy.”
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World War I and Social Change
• Between 1916 and 1921, persistent
poverty, racism, and lack of opportunity in
the south drove half a million African
Americans north and west.
• It was the largest internal movement of a
people in our nation’s history.
• With the outbreak of the WWI, US industry
mobilized to produce manufactured goods
for the conflict.
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World War I and Social Change
• This creates a demand for unskilled labor.
• Recruiters, ads in prominent African
American papers, letters back home, and
word of mouth propelled African
Americans north to industrialized cities like
Pittsburgh, Chicago, Detroit, and
Indianapolis.
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World War I and Social Change
• Entire communities pulled up their roots
and headed north, seeking a better quality
of life, free from lynchings, Jim Crow laws,
voting restrictions, and the poverty of the
agricultural south.
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World War I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Part IV
I. Wilson presents his plan……..See page 604
-A. The 14 points
1.
Use your own
words, please.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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World War I
Debating the Versailles Treaty
• Everyone hoped that the treaty would restore
peace in Europe and create stability. Instead,
people remained angry.
•
End page 14 in project.
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World War I
Legacy of the War
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• 6.
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World War I
• Visual Summary on page 612
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