Transcript PC204 Lecture 9 - The UCSF Computer Graphics Laboratory

PC204 Lecture 9
Conrad Huang
[email protected]
Genentech Hall, N453A
x6-0415
Topics
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•
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Homework review
Interactive Programs vs Scripts
Tkinter
Pmw
Homework Review
• 8.1 – poker probabilities
• 8.2 – short project description
Interactive Program vs Script
• “Script” is a program where the programmer
determines the order of execution from
beginning to end
– Programs may need user input and still be scripts, eg
they may ask the user to type some input at a
particular point of execution
• “Interactive program” is a program where the
user determines the order of execution from user
input using either:
– a command-based text interface
– a graphical user interface (GUI, pronounced goo-ey)
Interactive Program Characteristic
• The mark of an
interactive program is
an event dispatch loop
• For a text-based
interactive program, it
looks something like
this
for line in sys.stdin:
args = line.strip().split()
if not args:
# skip blank lines
continue
if args[0] == “cmd1”:
cmd1(args[1:])
elif args[0] == “cmd2”:
cmd2(args[1:])
else:
print “unknown command:”, args[0]
Event Loop and Event Dispatch
_registry = {}
• The for loop reading user
input is called an event
loop because it waits for
user events
• The event loop
dispatches the user input
to functions based on the
input
• The event loop and
dispatcher may be
abstracted into a simple
textual user interface
module (tui.py)
def mainloop(prompt="> "):
import sys
sys.stdout.write(prompt)
while True:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
if not line:
break
args = line.strip().split()
if not args:
# ignore empty lines
continue
ambiguous = False
f = None
for k in _registry.keys():
if k.startswith(args[0]):
if f is not None:
ambiguous = True
break
f = _registry[k]
if ambiguous:
print ("Error: %s is an ambiguous command" % args[0])
elif f is None:
print ("Error: %s is an unkown command" % args[0])
else:
if not f(args[1:]):
break
sys.stdout.write(prompt)
def register(function):
_registry[function.__name__] = function
Using the TUI Module
def test(args):
print "test", args
return True
def tilt(args):
print "tilt", args
return True
def verify(args):
print "verify", args
return True
def quit(args):
print "quit"
return False
import tui
tui.register(test)
tui.register(tilt)
tui.register(verify)
tui.register(quit)
tui.mainloop()
print "Returned from command loop"
• usetui.py is an example
of how to use the TUI
module
– Define functions that
handle events
– Register functions with
TUI module
– Enter the TUI module
event loop
• tui module may be
reused for many scripts
Libraries and Frameworks
• Library functions are called by user code to
perform some tasks and return after the tasks are
completed
• tui.mainloop() is somewhat different from most
library functions in that it calls back to userregistered functions before returning
• A library that defines most functionality but
allows callers to plug in their own code that gets
called at predefined times is often called a
framework
GUI Frameworks
• Most programs using a GUI framework follows
the same form as our TUI program
– Define callback functions
– Define user interface elements, aka widgets, and
register callback functions
– Enter GUI event loop
• Implementation-wise, you need to design your
user interface before you know what callback
functions you need to make the program work
Tkinter
• Tkinter is a GUI framework
• Common widgets in Tkinter include:
–
–
–
–
–
Frame – placeholder for placement of widgets
Label – widget for displaying some text
Button – push button that user may press
Entry – input widget where user may type
Canvas – graphical drawing area
• A callback may be registered for a widget
– eg Button callback is invoked when the button is pushed
• A function may also be bound to a widget to respond to
events
– eg Function gets called when user presses return in an entry
widget
Basic Tkinter Widgets
• Using the Button widget
– tkinter_button.py
– tkinter_button2.py
– tkinter_button3.py
• Using the Label and Entry widgets
– tkinter_label.py
– tkinter_label_entry.py
• Controlling layout using Frame widgets
– tkinter_label_entry2.py
• Binding actions to events
– tkinter_label_entry3.py
Canvas and Text
• Displaying graphics on a canvas
– tkinter_canvas.py
• A design pattern for a GUI class
– tkinter_canvas2.py
• Useful for homework assignment
– tkinter_canvas3.py
• Displaying and editing text
– tkinter_text.py
More Tkinter Widgets
• Tkinter offers many more widgets
– Some are simple, eg checkbutton and scale
– Some are complex, eg scrollbars and menu
buttons
• For more complete documentation on Tkinter
widgets, see An Introduction to Tkinter by
Fredrik Lundh
– http://www.pythonware.com/library/tkinter/introduction/
More Complex Widgets
• Tkinter is a low-level interface that offers a lot
of programming flexibility
• Libraries built on top of Tkinter offer more
functionality with less programming
– For example, managing scrollbars for canvas or
text widgets is possible with Tkinter, but painful
• Python MegaWidgets (PMW) is layered on top
of Tkinter and implements high(er)-level
widgets such as ScrolledCanvas and NoteBook
Pmw
• Pmw (http://pmw.sourceforge.net/) is a Python
package containing a number of “megawidgets”
that are composed of basic Tkinter widgets
• To use PMW, you need to download and install
the Python code
– Version 1.3 of PMW may be fetched locally
• http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/Outreach/pc204/lecture_notes/week9/Pmw-1.3.3b.zip
– The simplest way to use this is to extract the “Pmw”
folder and put it with your source code
An Aside on Packages
• A Python package is a folder of related Python
modules
– A Python package folder must contain a file named
__init__.py, which
• tells Python the folder is not a random collection of .py files
• is executed when the package is imported
– All other .py files in the folder are considered modules
of the package and may be imported with
• import package_name.module_name
• Pmw uses some serious Python magic for its
package management, so I usually just follow the
recipes in the excellent documentation
Pmw (cont.)
• pmw_scrolledcanvas.py
– Uses canvas with attached scrollbars
– Uses menu buttons for scrollbar modes
– Uses button box for array of aligned buttons
Wrapping Up
• There are better ways for constructing GUIs
– WYSIWYG interface design tools
– More comprehensive widget sets
• Tkinter and Pmw together provide a usable set of
tools for building graphical user interfaces
• A lot of applications are migrating to a clientserver model that uses a web browser as a front
end
– GUI (client end) is written in HTML5 and Javascript
– Server end is written in a variety of languages,
including Python, PHP, Perl, …
Debugging
• Don’t guess
– Collect data on where the error is occurring
• read the traceback
• add invariant, pre- and post-condition checks
• use print statements
– Change one thing at a time
• Don’t get discouraged
– No, the computer is not out to get you
– Explain the code to someone (perhaps yourself)
– Take a break
• don’t work until you can’t keep your eyes open
Homework and Project
• Assignment 9.1
– tkinter_canvas3.py should be helpful
• Assignment 9.2
– A fuller description of your final project