Transcript Technology

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Technology
By R. Thomas Wright
The Goodheart-Willcox
Company, Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
www.g-w.com
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Section 5
Applying
Technology:
Producing
Products and
Structures
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 17
Constructing Structures
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Learning Objectives
• List the two types of construction.
• Describe the major types of buildings
that are constructed.
• Identify the steps involved in
constructing a structure.
• Identify the types of foundations.
• Describe the framework used in
buildings.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Learning Objectives
• Describe how buildings are enclosed.
• Explain the types of utility systems used
in buildings.
• Describe materials used in finishing
buildings.
• Identify other types of buildings.
• Identify the characteristics of heavy
engineering structures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Structures
Types of Construction Projects
Buildings
Residential buildings, commercial
buildings, and industrial
buildings.
-May include monuments, cultural and
government buildings, transportation
terminals, sports arenas and exhibition
centers, and agricultural buildings.
Heavy
Engineering
Structures
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Transportation, communication, and
production structures.
-Roadways, bridges, antenna towers,
refineries, and dams.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Discussion
Can you think of a few specific major
monuments, buildings, or bridges?
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Manufactured Home
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Constructing Buildings
(Gehl Co.)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Constructing Buildings
• Preparing the site involves choosing a
location, purchasing the land, clearing,
grading, and leveling the site.
• A complete foundation has two parts:
footing and foundation wall.
• Foundation to be used is determined by
the soil type of the site.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Foundation Types
• Spread foundations
are used on rock and in
hard soils, such as clay.
• Slab foundations are
used for soft soils.
• Pile foundations are
used on wet, marshy, or
sandy soils.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Framework
• The framework consists of the floors,
interior and exterior walls, ceilings, and
roof.
• It is built from one of three materials:
lumber, steel, or reinforced concrete.
• There are three steps to building the
framework: building the floor, the wall
frames, and the ceiling and roof.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Floor
• Lumber floors begin
with a wood sill,
then floor joists.
• The subfloor is
installed on top of
the joists.
• Final flooring
material comes after
the building is
enclosed.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Wall Frames
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Roof and Ceiling
• The ceiling and roof
are connected to the
wall frames after they
have been constructed.
• Ceiling joists are laid
across to support the
wall frames.
• Rafters are connected
to ceiling joists to make
a truss and support the
exterior roof.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Enclosing the Structure
• Two steps:
– Sheathing the exterior
with plywood, fiberboard,
or rigid foam sheets.
– Installing the roof.
• First, the roof is
sheathed with plywood
or waferboard.
• Then, the roofing
materials are installed
according to roof style.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Utility Systems
• Electricity systems use 110-volt and 220-volt
circuits split by the distribution panel to power
appliances and other systems.
• Plumbing systems bring in potable water
and expel wastewater.
• There are various climate control systems
that either heat or cool buildings.
• Systems like the telephone, radio, television,
and intercoms are communication systems.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Discussion
What was life like without modern utility
systems?
Electricity resource
Plumbing resource
Energy timeline
Communication timeline
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Climate Control Systems
• Heating systems can be either direct or
indirect and powered by electricity, coal, oil,
wood, natural gas, propane, or water.
• There are forced-air heating, hot water
heating, and active and passive solar home
systems.
• Cooling systems use compressors,
evaporators, condensers, and fans to cool
and distribute cold air.
• A heat pump can both heat and cool a home.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Finishing the Exterior and
Interior
• Installing siding and trim on the exterior.
– There is a vast amount of materials to be used,
ranging from wood to stucco.
• Insulation, a vapor barrier, and drywall finish
the interior walls.
• The absolute final steps for the house involve
installation of cabinets, trim, floor coverings,
lighting fixtures, and then painting.
• Landscaping adds to the appeal of the
building.
– Landscaping services
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Heavy Engineering Structures
• Heavy engineering construction includes
building civil structures, or heavy engineering
structures, such as:
– Highways, power transmission and
communication towers, and hydroelectric and
flood control dams.
• Heavy engineering structures can be divided
into transportation, communication, and
production structures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Transportation Structures
• Transportation structures transport
people and goods.
• Roadways are very common and date
back to early civilization.
– Today, roadways are made of layers of
compacted dirt, coarse gravel, finer gravel,
and finally either asphalt or concrete.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Bridges
• Movable or fixed.
• All are made of a
substructure (piers and
abutments) and a
superstructure (the
deck).
• There are five types:
beam bridges, truss
bridges, arch bridges,
cantilever bridges,
and suspension
bridges.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Communication and Production
• Most telecommunication technology relies on
constructed towers to support antennas.
• Some production structures are not buildings.
– Petroleum refineries, irrigation systems, and
evaporation basins.
– The gravity dam, rock dams, earth dams, and the
buttress dam are other useful production
structures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Discussion
How have heavy engineering structures,
such as the Hoover Dam, changed
modern life?
Building dams: before and after
Building bridges
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Career Corner
• Carpenters.
– Help construct buildings, highways,
bridges, factories, and other structures.
– Have a somewhat strenuous job.
– Skilled trade.
Occupations Information
Construction Careers
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are the two types of construction
projects?
Construction of buildings and of heavy
engineering structures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are some of the general types of
buildings that are built?
Residential, commercial, and industrial
buildings.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are the seven steps involved with
most construction projects?
Preparing the site, setting foundations,
building the framework, enclosing the
structure, installing utilities, finishing the
exterior and interior, and completing the
site.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
Identify the three types of foundations.
Slab foundation, spread foundation, and
pile foundation.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What materials can the framework of a
building be made of?
Wood, steel, or reinforced concrete.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What materials are used to enclose the
exterior walls?
Plywood, fiberboard, or rigid foam sheets.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are the utility systems used in
homes?
Electricity, plumbing, communications, and
climate control.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What materials are used for siding?
Wood shingles and boards, plywood,
hardboard, brick, stone, aluminum, vinyl,
and stucco.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
Besides residential, commercial, and
industrial, what other buildings are
there?
Monuments, cultural buildings, government
buildings, transportation terminals, sports
arenas and exhibition centers, and
agricultural centers.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What three general categories are
heavy engineering structures split into?
Transportation, communication, and
production structures.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.