Transcript Pre-Incident Planning - oakton community college architecture

2
Procedures,
Pre-Incident
Planning, and
Size-Up
2
Learning Objectives (1 of 10)
• List the kinds of operations that should
be covered by standard operating
procedures.
• Explain the importance of standard
operating procedures.
2
Learning Objectives (2 of 10)
• Discuss the relationship between
standard operating procedures, preincident plans, and size-up.
• Examine the relationship between
standard operating procedures,
equipment, and training.
2
Learning Objectives (3 of 10)
• Compare standard operating
procedures to standard operating
guidelines, explaining the role of a
“reasonable person” clause.
• Articulate the main components of prefire planning and identify steps during a
pre-fire plan review.
2
Learning Objectives (4 of 10)
• Recall major steps taken during size-up
and identify the order in which they will
take place at an incident.
• Recognize the relationship between
pre-incident planning and construction
characteristics common to a community.
2
Learning Objectives (5 of 10)
• Analyze construction methods during
everyday responses and while
surveying buildings under construction
and demolition.
• Explain how pre-incident plan
information is gathered using preformatted forms, as well as methods for
storing and retrieving pre-plan
information.
2
Learning Objectives (6 of 10)
• Examine compatibility issues and
usefulness of computer programs in
pre-incident planning.
• Construct a priority chart of buildings to
be preplanned by occupancy type.
2
Learning Objectives (7 of 10)
• List factors to be considered during
size-up and briefly define and explain
the significance of each factor.
• Demonstrate (verbally and in writing)
knowledge of fire behavior and the
chemistry of fire.
2
Learning Objectives (8 of 10)
• Recall the basics of building
construction and how they interrelate to
pre-fire planning and size-up.
• Define and explain the difference
between occupancy, occupant, and
occupied.
2
Learning Objectives (9 of 10)
• Explain the size-up process in the
chronological order in which information
is received.
• Evaluate a specific fire department’s
standard operating procedures.
• Prioritize occupancies to be pre-incident
planned in a specific jurisdiction.
2
Learning Objectives (10 of 10)
• Create a pre-incident plan drawing and
narrative.
• Perform an initial size-up based on
limited information.
• Apply size-up factors to a fire situation
and categorize factors as primary or
secondary.
2
Overview (1 of 3)
• Fire-ground operations should be
outlined in SOPs.
• The better the SOPs, the fewer
decisions that will need to be made.
• SOPs, pre-plans, and incident-specific
information are important size-up
components.
2
Overview (2 of 3)
• Incident Action Plans (IAPs) require
SOPs and a good size-up.
• Specific building information can be
obtained through pre-planning.
• Evaluating an incident and developing
an IAP must take place rapidly.
2
Overview (3 of 3)
• The IC has time to reevaluate as more
information becomes available.
– Size-up information and the IAP should
improve.
2
Developing Standard
Operating Procedures (1 of 4)
• General guidelines used at structure
fires or fires in similar occupancies
• Address any operation using a standard
approach
• Written specifically for an individual
department
2
Developing Standard
Operating Procedures (2 of 4)
• There is a need for regional planning.
• Take the guesswork out of the fireground
• Are necessary for the first-arriving
engine company
2
Developing Standard
Operating Procedures (3 of 4)
• Influenced by:
– Types of property to be protected
– Resources available
– Equipment
– Training
– Other factors
2
Developing Standard
Operating Procedures (4 of 4)
• Provide a structure for the decisionmaking process
• Answers questions of:
– Who makes what decisions?
– At what level of command?
– From where?
2
National Incident Management
System (NIMS)
• Establishes a command structure
• Describes the roles at incident scene
• Training must be commensurate with
SOPs.
– NFPA 1500
2
SOPs, Equipment, and Training
Are Interrelated
2
SOPs: Naming Controversy (1 of 2)
• Standard operating procedures,
standard operating guidelines, general
operating guidelines.
• More important to have written
procedures or guidelines than naming.
– Procedures are guidelines.
– Guidelines become procedures through
practice.
2
SOPs: Naming Controversy (2 of 2)
• Solution
– “Reasonable person” clause in the
procedures manual
– Personnel should act reasonably if
modification of the procedure is
appropriate.
2
Procedures or Guidelines
• Write them down.
• Train to them.
• Use them consistently.
2
Evaluating a Specific Property
• There should be a procedure describing
the pre-planning system.
• Makes sense to gather information
about a facility while visiting
– Title III: Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) requirement
2
Pre-Plans
• Second step of the size-up process
• Can take several forms
– Formal: include narrative and drawings
– Simple: notations of particular problem
• NFPA 1620: Recommended Practice for
Pre-Incident Planning
– Outlines development, maintenance and
use
2
Recommended Occupancies (1 of 2)
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Assembly
Educational
Health care
Detention and correctional
Residential
Residential board and care
2
Recommended Occupancies (2 of 2)
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Mercantile
Business
Industrial
Warehouse and storage
Special outdoor locations, such as
transformer sub-stations
2
Types of Pre-Plans (1 of 4)
• Complex
– Three or more buildings
– Shows overview of complex
– Used to identify:
• Building and fire protection features
• Hazards
– Building numbering
2
Types of Pre-Plans (2 of 4)
• Formal
– Property with substantial risk
– Includes:
• Drawing of property
• Specific floor layouts
• Narrative
– Could include several plans
2
Types of Pre-Plans (3 of 4)
• Notation
– Simple notation about a building
• Previous fire damage
– Notations in CAD systems
– Exterior marking systems
• State of New Jersey Truss Marking System
2
Types of Pre-Plans (4 of 4)
• Training Issue
– Could include buildings under construction
or demolition
– Interior framework (skeleton) exposed
– Could reveal construction
methods/materials
2
Pre-Plan Incident Checklist
and Drawings (1 of 4)
• Includes planning for special
occupancies or type of buildings
• Standard pre-incident plan form
– Advantage: Predictable location of specific
information
– Disadvantage: Large amounts of “not
applicable” space
2
Pre-Plan Incident Checklist
and Drawings (2 of 4)
• Detailed format and intuitive drawing
symbols are recommended.
– Symbols should not require legend.
• Drawings are extremely useful.
2
Pre-Plan Incident Checklist
and Drawings (3 of 4)
• Include:
– Building name
– Owner/manager/agent name
– Telephone numbers
– Emergency contact information
2
Pre-Plan Incident Checklist
and Drawings (4 of 4)
• Include a tactical consideration.
– Provides reminder
• Do not pre-assign companies.
2
Pre-Planning Preparation and
Time
• Keeping current is as important as
creating.
• Revision process is also time-intensive.
– Computers help save time.
• Bad information can be worse than no
information.
2
What Structures Are
Pre-Planned
• Decision depends on jurisdiction.
• Operational priority list provides
direction.
– Life safety
– Extinguishment
– Property conservation
• Challenging buildings should be preplanned.
2
Modifying SOPs
• Standard method for addressing
predictable operational circumstances
• Pre-plans address what is different or
unusual.
• Pre-plans are specific, SOPs general.
• SOPs are not always the most effective
way.
2
Estimating Life Safety Needs
• Buildings with unusual high risk to fire
fighters or occupants should be preplanned.
– Nursing homes
– Hospitals
– Places of assembly
– Schools
2
Estimating Extinguishment
Needs
• Buildings with high fuel load should be
pre-planned.
– More than two standard pre-connects
necessary
– Volume of fire compartment divided by 100
• Buildings with special or hazardous
materials present in quantity should be
pre-planned.
2
Estimating Property
Conservation Needs
• High value contents could justify
pre-planning effort.
– Furs, jewelry, electronic equipment
2
Relationship of Pre-Planning
to Size-up
• Size-up is a continuous process.
– Natural extension of SOP/pre-planning
process
2
Analyzing the Situation
Through Size-Up (1 of 2)
• Size-up factors are difficult to
categorize.
– Incident conditions dictate
– Life safety most critical
– Begins before incident: SOP development
and pre-planning
– IC considers what is already known at time
of alarm
– Dispatcher relays other information.
2
Analyzing the Situation
Through Size-Up (2 of 2)
• Upon arrival, IC adds what is known.
– Personal observation
– Communications with companies/building
personnel
– Reconnaissance
• Size-up continues throughout the
incident into overhaul.
2
Life Safety/Fire Fighter Safety
(1 of 2)
• Smoke and fire conditions
– Directly related to occupant survival and
fire fighter safety
– Primary factors at a structure fire
2
Life Safety/Fire Fighter Safety
(2 of 2)
• Experienced ICs learn to evaluate
pressure, smoke characteristics, and
other factors.
• Interior reconnaissance best way to
determine fire intensity
2
Fire Location
• Necessary to successfully combat the
fire
• Usually determined on arrival
– Information from Dispatch
– Alarm systems
– Information from occupants
– Visual clues
• Smoke flowing rapidly from an opening
may indicate fire is nearby.
2
Direction of Travel
• Life safety/fire fighter safety
• Direction of travel
– Knowing where fire may spread is
important.
– Fire, heat, smoke travel upward via path of
least resistance
– Important to know the probability of fire
travel (construction methods, alterations)
2
Ventilation Status
• Key factor in all phases of operation
– Venting for life
– Vent should pull fire away from occupants
and fire fighters.
• Possibilities can be known through preplanning.
2
Occupancy Type
• Major occupancies should be
pre-planned.
• Building use will determine:
– Likelihood of occupancy
– Number of occupants
– Fuel load and type
– Value of contents
– Other essential facts
2
Estimated Number of
Occupants
• Difficult at best
• NFPA 101: Life Safety Code
– Establishes maximum occupant load per
square foot
• Places of public assembly may have
maximum number of occupants posted.
2
Evacuation Status
• Estimating number of people still in
building is next logical step
• Most buildings do not have occupant
accountability system.
• Primary search: only way to assure
building has been evacuated
– Should be verified with secondary search
2
Occupant Concerns (1 of 2)
• Proximity to fire
– Pre-plans should show locations of
occupied areas.
• Awareness level
– Awake and alert are more likely to hear
alarm
– Awareness is directly related to type of
occupancy.
2
Occupant Concerns (2 of 2)
• Mobility
– Occupancy of building can help determine
whether occupants can escape fire.
• Familiarity with building
– People inside a public building are not
always familiar with building layout or
alternate exits.
2
Primary and Alternative
Egress Routes (1 of 2)
• Most will escape unassisted if there is
sufficient egress.
• Codes specify egress facilities.
• Pre-plan drawings should show location
of all exits.
2
Primary and Alternative
Egress Routes (2 of 2)
• Many public buildings have areas of
safe refuge.
– Should be addressed in pre-plans
– Must be checked by fire department in an
emergency
2
Medical Status of Occupants
• EMS should be requested whenever
occupants are still in building.
– Medical Branch should be considered.
2
Operational Status (1 of 2)
• SOPs provide a standard way of going to
work.
• IC must continually evaluate safety and
effectiveness of operation.
– Determines whether a nonstandard attack would
be more effective
• Safety is the most important consideration.
– IC must continually reevaluate for risk
management.
2
Operational Status (2 of 2)
• IC must ask:
– Is the search being conducted in a systematic
manner?
– Are the occupants who are in the most danger
being rescued?
– Has the fire been properly vented to control the
fire spread?
– Is progress being made in controlling the fire?
– Are rate-of-flow requirements being met?
– Has salvage been considered?
2
Fire Zones/Perimeters
• Area where a specific level of protective
clothing is required
• Possibly a safe area where no
protective clothing is needed
• Keeps non-response people out of the
area
• Should be part of SOPs
2
Accountability
• Only accounts for fire fighters, not
occupants
• Primary accountability system is NIMS.
• Freelancing must be avoided.
• Required by NFPA 1500: Standard on
Fire Department Occupational Safety
and Health Programs.
2
Rapid Intervention
• RIC (Rapid Intervention Crew)
– Team of fire fighters immediately available
to rescue fire fighters who need assistance
• Required by NFPA 1500: Standard on
Fire Department Occupational Safety
and Health Programs
2
Organization and Control
• NIMS is the acceptable method of
organizing an incident.
• All units must be included.
• Must work towards common tactical
objectives within strategy
2
Rescue Options
• IC first evaluates ways occupants can
be removed from the building.
– Safest and most efficient option
2
Staffing Concerns (1 of 3)
• Primary search
– Determined by the following factors:
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Size of the area to be searched
Smoke conditions
Rescue methods available
Condition of the occupants
• Secondary search
– Will not involve increased staffing
2
Staffing Concerns (2 of 3)
• Interior rescue/evacuation
– Could be the same required for primary
search
– Additional teams may be assigned to
remove victims.
2
Staffing Concerns (3 of 3)
• Exterior rescue/evacuation
– Additional staffing will be needed if ladders
are used.
– Most exterior rescues require more
staffing.
2
Access to Building Exterior
• Pre-plans should note:
– Access points
– Street or road access around structure
– Aerial access points
– Unsafe/inaccessible roadways
2
Access to Building Interior
• Forcible entry
– Can significantly delay search and rescue
and initial attack
– Needs should be noted on pre-plans.
• Structure
– Conditions always should be considered in
size-up.
– Risk-versus-benefit analysis
2
Signs of Collapse
• Failure of a supporting structure
• May occur without warning
2
Construction Type
• All members should be familiar with
building types and problems.
• Buildings should be classified.
– NFPA 220: Standard on Types of Building
Construction
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Type I construction: Fire-resistive
Type II construction: Non-combustible
Type III construction: Ordinary
Type IV construction: Heavy timber
Type V construction: Frame
2
Roof Construction
• Killing mechanism
• Precursor to catastrophic collapse
– Roof is tied to the walls.
– Walls damaged by fire fail.
– Roof collapses.
• Truss roofs should be pre-planned.
2
Condition
• Previously damaged
• Abandoned
• Pre-fire damage should be considered
when determining attack mode.
2
Live and Dead Loads
• Dead load
– Building and permanent attachments
– Heavy roof loads should be noted on pre-plans.
• Live load
– Building contents
– Important when determining incident-specific
tactics
– Should be noted on pre-plans
2
Fire Suppression Water Load
• Weight of the water discharged into the
bldg. during suppression operations
– One gallon of water = 8.33 pounds
– 1,000 GPM = 8,330 pounds/minute
2
Enclosures and Fire
Separations
• Type of construction and occupancy
– Major clues in determining extension
probability
2
Extension Probability
• Directly related to presence of
enclosures/fire separations
2
Concealed Spaces
• Most buildings
– Common attics
– Separations often damaged or removed
• Suspended ceilings
– Fire can travel through false space.
– If space involved in fire, expect rapid
collapse of truss roofs
• Should be part of pre-plan
2
Age of Building
• Positive effects
– Older buildings have heavier, more fireresistive construction.
– Renovated buildings may have lightweight
construction added.
• Negative Effects
– May weaken with age
– Depends on construction materials and
maintenance
2
Height and Area (1 of 2)
• Size can partially dictate total volume of
fire.
– Rate of flow formulas are based on size of
the fire compartment.
2
Height and Area (2 of 2)
• Height of the building affects:
– Effectiveness of aerial apparatus
– Number of possible occupants
– Type of construction
– Fuel load
– Other factors
2
Complexity and Layout
• Pre-plan should include a general floor
layout.
• Personnel should orient themselves in
large, complex buildings.
– Relationship to the stairway, street,
standpipe, and other critical landmarks
2
Probability of Extinguishment
• Important to life safety
• Death and injury are greatly diminished
when fire is extinguished.
• Key factors in determining fire attack
method:
– Flow requirements
– Extent of fire
2
Offensive/Defensive/
Non-Attack
• Deciding an attack strategy is critically
important.
• Critical factors change as tactical
objectives are achieved.
• The most important objectives are
related to life safety.
2
Ventilation Status
• Finding/extinguishing the fire is easier
when fire has self-vented.
• Should be vented as soon as possible
• Venting for extinguishment is done to
move smoke/heat away from crews.
2
External Exposures
• Should be shown on pre-plans
• Narrative should show nearby
structures (not connected), vehicles,
and other property threatened by the
fire.
2
Internal Exposures
• Parts of the building
• Fire pathways should be identified in
pre-plans.
2
Extinguishment Factors (1 of 2)
• Fuel load
– Varies as to quantity, type, geometric orientation,
other factors
• Calculated rate of flow
– Can the lines extinguish the fire?
– Should be pre-calculated
• Number of hoselines
– Can be determined once rate of flow is known
2
Extinguishment Factors (2 of 2)
• Water supply
– Some systems have limited supply.
– Larger systems have multiple supplies.
• Apparatus pump capacity
– Specifications should consider available
water supply.
– In many cases, pump capacity exceeds
water supply.
2
Manual Fire Suppression
Systems (1 of 2)
• Standpipe systems
– Best to use on upper floors
– Reduces work to advance hoselines
– Control valves, pumps, fire department
connections and hose outlets should be
shown on pre-plans.
2
Manual Fire Suppression
Systems (2 of 2)
• Standpipe systems, continued:
– Use of this equipment also should be
explained.
– SOPs also should specify hose, nozzles,
and necessary equipment.
2
Automatic Fire Suppression
Systems
• Sprinkler systems
– Primary tactic involves letting the system
do its job.
– Control valves, pumps, fire department
connections, and hose outlets should be
shown on pre-plans.
• Sprinkler system becomes the first line
of defense.
2
Property Conservation
• Third operational priority
– Seldom takes on urgency of life safety and
extinguishment
– Information about property value and
location should be pre-planned.
2
Salvageable Property
• Nearly every property has some
salvageable property.
• Can be included in pre-plans
• Property also may have non-monetary
value.
2
Location of Salvageable
Property
• Residential settings: throughout the
building.
• Other settings: may be concentrations.
– Computer rooms
• Pre-plans should identify these
locations.
2
Water Damage (1 of 2)
• Water used a primary extinguishing
agent
• Some quantity of water will be in a
building.
• Water will migrate through openings.
2
Water Damage (2 of 2)
• Prefer to use built-in features to
evacuate water
• If property can not be moved, common
practice is to cover it.
2
Smoke Damage
• Can infiltrate entire building
• Common pathway is upward
• Most damage occurs on upper floors.
2
Ventilation
• Best way to reduce damage
• Materials that absorb smoke more
susceptible to damage
• Can be overdone
• Damage should be limited to what is
needed to achieve tactical objectives.
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(1 of 6)
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IAP will require resources.
Exact number may not be known.
Approximations need to be made.
Staffing is the most important and
difficult resource to obtain.
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(2 of 6)
• 11 to 13 fire fighters for safe fire attack
– Working fire
– Multi-level, single family dwelling
– One or two hoselines
– Life hazard
– Limited areas to search
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(3 of 6)
• More staffing necessary if:
– Size and complexity of property increases
– Additional hoselines needed
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(4 of 6)
• NFPA Fire Protection Handbook
– Suggests guidelines for high, medium, and lowhazard occupancies and rural operations.
• NFPA 1710: Standard for the Organization
and Deployment of Fire Suppression
Operations, Emergency Medical Operations,
and Special Operations to the Public by
Career Fire Departments (14–15 personnel)
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(5 of 6)
• Additional staffing needed for:
– Searching large areas
– Physically removing victims
– Larger rate of flow requirements
– Areas beyond a fixed water supply
2
Staffing: Total Versus Needed
(6 of 6)
• IC must match incident requirements
with available resources.
– Offensive/defensive decision can be made.
2
Apparatus: Total Versus
Needed
• Total apparatus versus apparatus
needed
– Defensive operations = apparatus intensive
2
Staging/Tactical Reserve
• SOPs should address staging.
• Small incidents = one engine
company/one truck company
• Larger incidents = larger tactical reserve
2
Utilities
• Water, gas, electricity, other
– Residential gas or fuel supplies can be
shut down if necessary.
– Utility company personnel are better
equipped.
– Pre-plans should show the location of shutoffs.
2
Time of Incident
• Time of day (likelihood of occupants
being present)
• Day of week (occupancy varies on
different days)
• Time of year (weather conditions)
• Special times (holidays)
2
Weather
• IC should consider extremes.
– Extreme heat/cold
– Could require additional REHAB stations.
– Humidity is important during heat
extremes.
• Increases fatigue factor
• Can affect smoke movement
2
Size-Up Chronology (1 of 5)
• SOPs and pre-incident plan
– Done well in advance
– Play a significant role in the IAP
– Give the IC a head start
• Shift/day/time
– IC should consider factors at time of duty
2
Size-Up Chronology (2 of 5)
• Alarm Information
– Time-of-day factor
– Dispatch information
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Building location/address
Fire location
Fire intensity
Occupant status
2
Size-Up Chronology (3 of 5)
• En route
– Dispatcher
– Companies arriving on scene
2
Size-Up Chronology (4 of 5)
• Visual observations at the scene
– Initial IAP based on visual information and
reconnaissance from companies
– IC must determine if current IAP will
accomplish desired objectives.
– Quality and quantity of information will
increase with time.
2
Size-Up Chronology (5 of 5)
• Overhaul
– Should be planned and deliberate
– Caution should be taken to avoid injuries.
2
Summary (1 of 2)
• The IC’s job is simplified by:
– Establishing procedures in advance of an
incident
– Identifying target hazards
– Developing pre-incident plans
2
Summary (2 of 2)
• A safe and effective IAP can be
developed by:
– Having this information available
– Completing a thorough size-up