Transcript Unit 10 Interior Finishes

Unit 10
Interior Finishes
Part ⅠIllustrated Words and Concepts
Figure 10-1 The Arrangements for Building Services of a Three-story Office Building
Figure 10-2 Installing Gypsum Lath over Light-gauge Steel Studs with Self-drilling, Selftapping Screws
Part Ⅱ Passages
Passage A Interior Finishes
Passage B Interior Finish Systems
Unit 10
Interior Finishes
Part Ⅰ Illustrated Words and Concepts
Figure 10-1 The Arrangements for Building Services of a Three-story Office Building
Three diagrammatic plans for an actual three-story suburban office building show
the principal arrangements for plumbing, communications, electricityheating, and
cooling. Heating and cooling are accomplished by means of air ducted downward
through two shafts from equipment mounted on the roof. The conditionedair from
the vertical ducts is distributed around each floor by a system of horizontal ducts
that run above a suspended ceiling, as shown on the plan of the intermediate floor.
Unit 10
Interior Finishes
Part Ⅰ Illustrated Words and Concepts
Figure 10-2 Installing Gypsum Lath over Light-gauge Steel Studs with Self-drilling,
Self-tapping Screws
The electric screw gun disengages automatically from the screw head when the
screw has reached the proper depth.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
Interior Finishes
The installation of interior finish materials—
ceilings, walls, partitions, floors, finish carpentry—
cannot proceed at full speed until the roof and exterior
walls of a building are complete and mechanical and
electrical services have been installed. The roof and
walls are needed to shelter the moisture-sensitive finish
materials.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
The mechanical and electrical services
generally must be covered by the interior finish
materials, and thus must precede them. The finish
materials themselves must be selectedto meet a
bewildering range of functional parameters: durability,
acoustical performance, fire safety, relationship to
mechanical and electrical services, changeability over
time, and fire resistance. They must also look good,
presenting a neat appearance and meeting the
architectural goals of the building.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
Installation of Mechanical and Electrical Services
When a building has been roofed and most of
its exterior cladding has been installed, its interior is
sufficiently protected from the weather that work can
begin on the mechanical and electrical systems. The
waste lines and water supply lines of the plumbing
system are installed, and, if specified, the pipes for an
automatic sprinkler fire suppression system.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
The major part of the work for the heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning system (HVAC) is
carried out, including the installation of boilers, chillers,
cooling towers, pumps, fans, piping, and ductwork.
Electrical, communications, and control wiring are
routed through the building. Elevators and escalators
are installed in the structural openings provided for
them.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
The vertical runs of pipes, ducts, wires, and
elevators through a multistory building are made
through vertical shafts whose sizes and locations were
determined at the time the building was designed.
Before the building is finished, each shaft will be
enclosed with fire-resistive walls to prevent the vertical
spread of fire. Horizontal runs of pipes, ducts, and wires
are usually located just below each floor slab, above
the ceiling of the floor below, to keep them up out of the
way.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
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Passage A
These may be left exposed in the finished
building, or hidden above suspended ceilings.
Sometimes these services, especially wiring, are
concealed within a hollow floor structure such as
cellular metal decking or cellular raceways. Sometimes
services are run between the structural floor deck and a
raised access flooring system. To house the pipes
where several plumbing fixtures are lined up along a
wall, a plumbing space is created by constructing a
double wall with space between.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage A
Specific floor areas are reserved for mechanical
and electrical functions in larger buildings. Distribution
equipment for electrical and communications wiring and
fiber optics networks is housed in special rooms or
closets. Fan rooms are often provided on each floor for
air handling machinery. In a large multistory building,
space is set aside, usually at a basement or
subbasement level, for pumps, boilers, chillers,
electrical transformers, and other heavy equipment.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
Passages
Passage A
At the roof are penthouses for elevator
machinery and such components of the mechanical
systems as cooling towers and ventilating fans. In very
tall buildings, one or two entire intermediate floors may
be set aside for mechanical equipment, and the
building is zoned vertically into groups of floors that can
be reached by ducts and pipes that reach up and down
from each of the mechanical floors.
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Part Ⅱ
Interior Finishes
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Passage A
The Sequence of Interior Finishing Operations
Interior finishing operations follow a carefully
ordered sequence that varies somewhat from one
building to another, depending on the specific
requirements of each project. The first finish items to be
installed are usually hanger wires for suspended
ceilings, and full-height partitions and enclosures,
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage A
especially those around mechanical and
electrical shafts, elevator shafts, mechanical equipment
rooms, and stairways. Firestopping is inserted around
pipes, conduits, and ducts where they penetrate floors
and fire-rated walls. The full-height partition and
enclosures, firestopping, joint covers, and safing
around the perimeters of the floors constitute a very
important system for keeping fire from spreading
through the building.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage A
After the major horizontal electrical conduits
and air ducts have been installed, the grid for the
suspended ceiling is attached to the hanger wires so
that the lights and ventilating louvers can be mounted
to the grid. Then, typically, the ceilings are finished, and
framing for the partitions that do not penetrate the finish
ceiling is installed. Electrical and communications
wiring are brought down from the conduits above the
ceilings to serve outlets in the partitions.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage A
The walls are finished and painted. The last
major finishing operation is the installation of the finish
flooring materials. This is delayed as long as possible,
to let the other trades complete their work and get out
of the building; otherwise, the floor materials could be
damaged by dropped tools, spilled paint, heavy
construction equipment, weld spatter, coffee stains ,
and construction debris ground underfoot.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage B
Interior Finish Systems
Appearance
A major function of interior finish components is
to make the interior of the building look neat and clean
by covering the rougher and less organized portions of
the framing, insulation, vapor retarder, electrical wiring,
ductwork, and piping.
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Passage B
Beyond this, the architect designs the finishes
to carry out a particular concept of interior space, light,
color, pattern, and texture. The form and height of the
ceiling, changes in floor level, interpenetrations of
space from one floor to another, and the configurations
of the partitions are primary factors in determining the
character of the interior space.
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Passage B
Light originates from windows and electric
lighting fixtures, and is propagated by successive
reflections off the interior surfaces of the building.
Lighter-colored materials raise interior levels of
illumination; darker colors and heavier textures result in
a darker interior. Patterns and textures of interior finish
materials are important in bringing the building down to
a scale of interest that can be appreciated readily by
the human eye and hand.
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Passage B
Durability and Maintenance
Expected levels of wear and tear must be
considered carefully in selecting finishes for a building.
Highly durable finishes generally cost more than
shorter-lived ones and are not always required. In a
courthouse, a transportation terminal, a recreation
building, or a retail store, traffic is intense, and longwearing materials are essential.
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Passage B
In a private office or an apartment, more
economical finishes are usually adequate. Water
resistance is an important attribute of finish materials in
kitchens, locker and shower rooms, entrance lobbies,
and some industrial buildings. In hospitals, medical
offices, kitchens, and laboratories, finish surfaces must
not trap dirt and must be easily cleaned and
disinfected. Maintenance procedures and costs should
be considered in selecting finishes for any building.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage B
Acoustic Criteria
Interior finish materials strongly affect noise
levels, quality of listening conditions, and levels of
acoustic privacy inside a building. In noisy
environments, interior surfaces that are highly
absorptive of sound can decrease the noise intensity
to a tolerable level. In lecture rooms, class-rooms,
meeting rooms, theaters, and concert halls,
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Passage B
acoustically reflective and absorptive surfaces
must be proportioned and placed so as to create
optimum hearing conditions. Between rooms, acoustic
privacy is created by partitions that are heavy and
airtight. The acoustic isolation properties of lighterweight partitions can be enhanced by partition details
that damp the transmission of sound vibrations,
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Passage B
by means of resilient mountings on one of the
partition surfaces and sound absorbing batts of mineral
wool in the interior cavity of the partition. Manufacturers
test full-scale sample partitions of every type of material
for their ability to reduce the passage of sound between
rooms in a procedure outlined in ASTM E90.
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Passage B
Fire Criteria
A building code devotes many pages to
provisions that control the materials and details for
interior finishes in buildings. These code requirements
are aimed at several important characteristics of interior
finishes with respect to fire, for instance, the
combustibility and fire resistance ratings.
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Passage B
Cost
The cost of interior finish systems may be
measured in two different ways. First cost is the
installed cost. First cost is often of paramount
importance when the construction budget is tight or the
expected life of the building is short. Life-cycle cost is a
cost figured by any of several formulas that take into
account not only first cost,
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but the expected lifetime of the finish system,
maintenance costs and fuel costs (if any) over that
lifetime, replacement cost, an assumed rate of
economic inflation, and the time value of money. Lifecycle cost is important to building owners who expect to
retain ownership over an extended period of time.
Because of higher maintenance and replacement costs,
a material that is inexpensive to buy and install may be
more costly over the lifetime of a building than a
material that is initially more expensive.
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Part Ⅱ
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Passage B
Toxic Emissions from Interior Materials
A number of common construction materials
give off substances that may be objectionable in certain
interior environments. Many synthetics and wood panel
products emit formaldehyde fumes for extended
periods of time after the completion of construction.
Solvents from paints, varnishes, and carpet adhesives
often permeate the air of a new building. Airborne fibers
of asbestos and glass can constitute health hazards.
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Passage B
Some materials harbor molds and mildews
whose airborne spores many people cannot tolerate. In
isolated instances, stone and masonry products have
proven to be sources of radon gas. Construction dust,
even from chemically inert materials, can inflame
respiratory passages. There is increasing pressure,
both legal and societal, on building designers to select
interior materials that do not create objectionable odors
or endanger the health of building occupants. And data
on emissions of pollutants from interior materials are
increasingly available to designers, and it is wise to
select materials that give off the smallest possible
quantities of irritating or unhealthful substances.