Transcript Unit 3 Learn a Lesson from Unusual Stories

Unit 7
Surveying and Mapping
测量与绘图
Teaching Steps
Leading in
Dialogue
Text
Exercises
Guided writing
Lead-in Pictures
to the Dialogue
elevations
Architectural
drawings
plans
sections
An Elevation
 View of one side.
 Show the shapes and
size of the outside doors
and windows.
 Show the position of the
walls.
 Each floor, each plan.
An Elevation
A Plan
 View from above.
 Show the thickness
 of the outside and
inside walls.
 Show the position of
the inside doors and
windows
A Plan
A Section
 View from top to bottom.
 Show the height of the
room inside the building.
 Show the thickness of the
floor, ceiling, and roof.
 Show the height of the
bottom of the window
from the floor.
 Show the height between
the tops of the door and
window and ceiling.
A Section
A ground floor plan
 Scale of drawing:
 It is the first thing to
look at the scale of
the map.
 On the scale of one
inch (on the map) to
four feet (on the
ground).
DIALOGUE
 A: I was told that you are a very good architect. Can you tell me
something about drawings?
 B: Sure. There are three kinds of drawings: elevations, plans and
sections.
 A: Is an elevation the view of one side of a building?
 B: Yes, it is. A building with four sides has four elevations. Elevations
show the shapes and sizes of the outside doors and windows. They
show their positions in the walls.
 A: What about a plan?
 B: A plan is the view of a building from above. It shows the thickness of
the outside wall, the thickness of the inside wall and the positions of the
doors and windows. You need several plans for your home. For a small,
one-storey house, for example, you need a foundation plan, a first floor
plan and a roof plan. For a multi-storey building, there will be a plan for
each floor. This shows the kind of view you would have if you could
take the roof off and look into the house from a helicopter.
 A: Oh, I see. In my opinion, a section cuts the house from
top to bottom.
 B: You are right. It shows the height of the rooms inside the
building and the thickness of the floors, ceiling and roof. It
also shows the height of the bottom of the windows from
the floor, the height between the tops of the doors and
windows and the ceiling.
 A: What is the scale of such drawings?
 B: They are often on the scale of one inch to four feet. Of
course, the first thing you look at on the map would be the
scale. That tells you what length a line must be on the map
to show a certain distance on the ground.
New Words
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architect ['a:kitekt ]
scale [skeil]
elevation [ɪeli'veiʃәn]
plan [plæn]
section ['sekʃәn]
helicopter [‘helikɒptә]
ceiling ['si:liŋ]
Phrases and Expressions
in my opinion
be on the scale of …to…
n.建筑师
n.秤盘, 天平盘,比例尺
n.上升,高雅,立面图
n.计划,平面图
n.分断,部面图
n.直升飞机
n. 天花板
依照我的看法
比例尺是……代表……
First, tell your partner how to
drive the precast piles. Second,
talk about the operation of
driving precast concrete piles.
Lead-in Pictures
to the Text
In architecture, a theodolite is the usual tool in
surveying and mapping. It’s the foundation of
drawing.
A Leveling
Plane Table
Steel Tape
Plumb Bob
Compass
Tripods
TEXT
 Without mapping, there could be no civil engineering, and
every civil engineer therefore must know the elements of
mappings, and how to gain the measurements needed to
draw maps, which in English is called surveying. An area of
land without hills or many buildings can be accurately
surveyed with nothing but a good steel tape, but this is hard
work when the land has more sides than four, or when its
sides are longer than 1,000 meters. A small area with many
hindrances to the lines of sight across it can not be exactly
surveyed with a tape, and an instrument that measures
angles will then be needed. The instrument for measuring
angles in surveying land is called a theodolite.
These instruments provide the information
needed for drawing the map. But it is much
simpler and more accurate to use a leveling
instrument. The usual type, known as the dumpy
level, is fixed, like the theodolite, on a tripod, to
bring the line of sight up to a convenient height
above ground, so that the surveyor can sight the
surveying points without tiring. Many tripods are
telescopic and their legs can be widely varied in
length.
In all land surveying, the survey is built up from a series
of connected triangles. The whole area should be covered
by well-conditioned triangles as far as possible. With a
theodolite, it is possible to get the lengths of the
unmeasured sides from the known angles of the triangle
and measured side.
 Three more pieces of surveying equipments should be
mentioned, the plumb bob, the plane table and the
tacheometer.
 The plumb bob is a weight on a string hung from the
underside of a theodolite to make sure that it is centralized
over the station. The plane table is a drawing board on a
tripod, which can be set at various points in the field. The
mapping is being done while the lengths and angles are
being measured. The tacheometer is often used with the
plane table. It is an ordinary theodolite with two horizontal
hair lines in the telescope which are at such a distance
apart that they subtend at 100 meters a length of 1 meter.
By noting the reading of the top and bottom hairs on a
staff set at a point whose distance is required, it is possible
to work out the distance of the staff from the instrument.
The man who is working at the instrument calls out the
readings to his helper, who works out the distance
between them, and multiplies it by 100, and thus obtains
the distance of the point.
Words and Phrases
measurement
angle
leveling
tripod
a series of
plumb bob
tacheometer
hindrance
theodolite
dumpy level
telescopic
triangle
plane table
subtend
Terminology
1.section
2. elevation
3. plan
4. ceiling
5. scale
6. be on the scale of
7. drawing
8. position
9. helicopter
剖面图
立面图
平面图
天花板
比例尺
按……比例
绘图
位置
直升机
Questions
1.How many kinds of drawings are there in the
architectural mapping? What are they?
2.Is the elevation the view of the one side of the
room?
3.What is a plan?
4.How to deal with the one-storey and multistorey building in their plans?
5. What is the section?
6. What is the scale of the drawing?
General Reading
 1. What is surveying?
 Surveying, necessary in civil engineering, is that how
to gain the measurement needed to draw maps.
 2. What is the good and bad condition of surveying?
 Good: no hills or many buildings.
 Bad: the land has more sides than four.
 3. What instrument is used in surveying?
Which one is more simpler and more accurate?
Dumpy level Theodolite Tacheometer Plane table
Discussion
EXERCISES
绘图原理
测量角度
经纬仪
水准仪
定镜式水准仪
三脚架
测点
测量仪器
垂球
平板仪
视距仪
Plane table
theodolite
leveling instrument
dumpy level
the measuring angles
Tripod
tacheometer
Surveying equipments
the elements of mapping
Surveying points
Plumb bob
GUIDED WRITING
 Sample 1. Invitation Letters
Dear Mr. / Mrs.…
We should like to invite your corporation to attend
the 2005 International Fair which will be held from
August 29 to September 4 at above address. Full details
on the Fair will be sent to you in a week.
We look forward to hearing from you soon, and
hope that you will be able to attend the Fair.
Yours faithfully,
xxx
 Sample 2
Introduction Letters
Dear Joe,
My brother Lu Ping will be on business in Boston
all next week at the Copley Company.
I do want you two to meet, and this seems
the ideal opportunity. I suggest this meeting only
because I know you two can help each other in your
profession.
Cordially yours,
Lu Ying
Sample 3. Resignation Letters
Dear Mr.Smith,
I have worked in the Sales Development as a salesman for six years, and I have been satisfied
with this position.
However a friend of mine introduced me to
Goldlion Company, and I have decided to accept a
post that will give me greater possibilities for
promotion and an increase in my salary. I therefore write
this memo as formal notice to terminate my engagement
with you one month from today’s date.
Yours faithfully,
xxx
 The structure of the letters :
Title,
Body
Signature
Assignment
 Fill in the blanks in the following letter with
the expression given below.
1. if your prices are moderate
2. we are interested in
3. we have confidence in
4. quotations
5. as listed on the separate sheet
6. s promising market for
7. send us samples of the various materials
A letter of Inquiry
 Dear Sirs:
Thank you for your letter of 25th September.
Being one of the largest dealers of garment,____ ladies’
dresses of all descriptions. We should be obliged if you would
give us ____per dozen C.I. F.Vancouver for those items____. In
the meantime, we should like you to ____of which the dresses are
made.
We understand that you are a state-owned enterprise and__ the
quality of Chinese products____, we believe there is _____ the
above-mentioned articles in our area.
We look forward to hearing from you soon.
yours faithfully