Transcript Document

Structural Collapse Rescue Operations
Awareness Level
NFPA 1670 – Standard on Operations and Training for
Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
6.2 Awareness Level
6.2.2
Organizations operating at the awareness level for
structural collapse incidents shall implement procedures
for the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Recognizing the need for structural collapse search and rescue
Identifying the resources necessary to conduct structural collapse search and rescue operations
Initiating the emergency response system for structural collapse incidents
Initiating site control and scene management
Recognizing the general hazards associated with structural collapse incidents, including the
recognition of applicable construction types and categories and the expected behaviors of
components and materials in a structural collapse
(6) Identifying the five types of collapse patterns and potential victim locations
(7) Recognizing the potential for secondary collapse
(8) Conducting visual and verbal searches at structural collapse incidents, while using approved
methods for the specific type of collapse
(9) Recognizing and implementing a search and rescue/search assessment marking system, building
marking system (structure/hazard evaluation), victim location marking system, and structure
marking system (structure identification within a geographic area), such as the ones used by the
FEMA USAR
(10) Removing readily accessible victims from structural collapse incidents
(11) Identifying and establishing a collapse safety zone
(12) Conducting reconnaissance (recon) of the structure(s) and surrounding area.
NFPA 1670 – Standard on Operations and Training for
Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
6.2 Structural Collapse Search and Rescue – Awareness Level
6.2.1 – Organizations operating at the awareness level for structural
collapse incidents shall meet the requirements specified in section
7.2 (awareness level for confined space search and rescue)
7.2.3 Organizations at the awareness level shall be responsible for performing certain nonentry rescue
(retrieval) operations
7.2.4 Organizations operating at the awareness level for confined space search and rescue incidents
shall implement procedures for the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Recognizing the need for confined space search and rescue
Initiating contact and establishing communications with victims where possible
Recognizing and identifying the hazards associated with nonentry confined space emergencies
Recognizing confined spaces
Performing a nonentry retrieval
Implementing the emergency response system for confined space emergencies
Implementing site control and scene management
WAC 296-305
296-305-05113
(5)
Technical Rescue Operational Specialties
Trench Rescue
(a) Organizations choosing to operate a the awareness, operations or technician level
for trench and excavation rescue incidents must meet the requirements of this section
and nonconflicting portions of chapter 11 of the 2009 edition of NFPA 1670, Standard
on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents.
(b) Employees that directly engage in trench rescue operations shall be under the
direct supervision of person(s) with adequate training in trench and excavation hazard
recognition, equipment use and operational techniques.
(c) Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate
protective system except when:
(i) Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or
(ii) Excavations are less than four feet (1.22 meters) in depth and
examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication
of a potential cave-in.
Definitions
Awareness Level
Actions taken by the responders at the Awareness
Level are defensive in nature and should pose no risk, or a low
level of risk to the responder. This level represents the minimum
capability of organizations that provide response to technical
rescue incidents.
Operational Level
Actions taken at the Operational Level are of limited offensive
nature and generally at a low or moderate risk to the responder.
This level represents the capability of organizations to respond
to technical rescue incidents and to identify hazards, use
equipment, and apply limited techniques to support and
participate in technical rescue incidents.
Technical Level
Actions taken by the responders are offensive in nature and may
pose a high level of risk. This level represents the capability of
organizations to respond to technical rescue incidents, to
identify hazards, use equipment, and apply advanced techniques
specified to coordinate, perform, and supervise technical rescue
incidents.
What is it?
Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) is a term
applied to rescue and recovery operations
at the scene of a large and complex
structural collapse. This may include
multiple structures.
USAR knowledge and skills can be applied
to the scene of a “less complex” structural
collapse. This usually involves only one
structure and can be handle by our
resources.
How can we apply our USAR
knowledge and Skills?
• At the “high frequency” events:
–
–
–
–
Structure fires.
Vehicles into structures.
Entrapments & Industrial accidents.
When completing pre-fire plans and during a
tactical walk-through.
• At the “low frequency” events:
–
–
–
–
Structural collapses
RIT operations
Disasters
Terrorism & WMD
Survival Times
Survival vs Time for Extrication
1 hour
95%
1 Day
81%
2 Day
37%
3 Day
34%
4 Day
19%
5 Day
7%
Common causes of Structural
Collapse
Building Construction
Awareness Level = Knowledge of:
• Collapse characteristics.
• Warning signs of secondary collapse.
IN LIGHT FRAMED STRUCTURES
• Recognize how type of construction relates to resources
needed for rescue operation.
Building Construction
Light Frame Building Collapse
• Usually residential
homes and
apartments
• Highly susceptible
to fires
• Complete Collapses
occur frequently
Look for badly cracked
walls, leaning walls,
offset of structure
from foundation, or
leaning first story.
Building Construction
Heavy Wall (URM) Building Collapse
• Usually one to six
stories high,
residential,
commercial, industrial,
or institutional
• Principle weakness in
lateral strength
• Partial collapse is most
common
Look for loose/broken
parapet walls,
connections between
walls and floor,
unsupported and
partially collapsed floors
Building Construction
Heavy Floor Building Collapse
• Residential,
commercial, industrial
• Concrete frames up
to 12 stories
• Includes concrete
highway bridges
• Weakness is poor
column
reinforcement, and
connection between
floor and column
• May fail partially or
completely, and
potential laterally
Building Construction
Heavy Wall/Tilt-Up/Reinforced Masonry Building Collapse
• Usually one to five
stories
• Industrial/Commercial
• Weakness is between
walls and floors or
roofs. Walls fall away
from floor/roof.
Look for connection of
walls and roofs/floors,
and connection
between beams and
columns
Light Wood Framed Construction
Light Metal Framed Construction
Void Spaces
Survival zones & Search areas
Structural Collapse
Size - Up
6 Sided Approach
Four Sides
Above
Below
Structural Collapse
Rescue Size-up
•
•
•
•
Treat Walking Wounded, DO NOT allow them to re-enter the building
Check immediate area for victims trapped by surface debris
Interview occupants for last know location of victims
DO NOT park in the Secondary Collapse Zone!!
What is considered a safe distance from the structure?
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
• Stage I
• Stage II
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage I Size Up and Recon
• Depending on the event can
last a few minutes to several
hours
• Find out how big the
problem really is
• Organized Survey of the
damaged area
• What resources are available
• What can we do about the
problem
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage I Size Up and Recon
Prioritize the Problems
The first priority is YOUR safety
The second priority is the safety of
your crew
The third priority is other people
The fourth priority is property
conservation
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage I Size Up and Recon
Establish Incident Command
• Designate a
command post.
• Ensure that the CP is
located outside of the
secondary collapse zone
• Remain available by
staying in the
command post
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage I Size Up and Recon
Rescue and Remove Surface Victims
• 50% of all survivors are
surface victims – injured but
not trapped – Deal with them
first
• Remove them from the
hazards
• Keep people from entering
structures, allow structures
time to settle
• Organize spontaneous rescue
teams and direct them where
they will do the most good
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage II
• Begins when rescue teams
arrive and ICS has been
established
• Use the information
gathered to search the
likely survival places
• Use location methods,
searching outside by voice,
listening devices, dogs,
TICS, and fiber optics
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage II
• Search the voids as a
last resort
• Enter those voids that
have the highest
likelihood of survivors
• Shore as you go
• Monitor for hazards
• 30% of all survivors in
Structural Collapse are
involved in nonstructural entrapment
FAST VOIDS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fire Suppression
Additional Collapse Potential
Structure Type and Condition
Trapped Victim Rescue
Void Types & Location
Occupancy Type & Hazards
Immediate Utility Shutdown
Day or Night
Situation – Cause of Collapse
Stages of Collapse
Rescue Operations
• Stage III
• Stage IV
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage III
• Begins after all surface
victims are removed and
cared for and those in
voids can be removed
without major debris
removal
• Selective debris removal
using heavy equipment,
trained rescue teams
working with private
contractors
• Removal of entombed
victims
Stages of Collapse Rescue Operations
Stage IV
• Usually begins 5-6 days
after the event
• Probability of further
survivors is minimal,
and private contractors
will usually finish clean
up
Types of Search
Physical
Canine
Technical
Locating Survivors and Victims
Hailing procedures.
Search and Listen!
Thermal Imaging
Search Camera
Confined Space
Equipment
Search Dogs
Search Team Tools and
Equipment
Tools for
Search Team
•
•
•
•
Lineman’s Pliers.
Tin Snips
Utility Knife.
Marking Chalk and
Lumber Crayons.
• Spray Paint.
• Flashlight and
Chemical Light sticks.
Search Markings
Search Marking
3-30-03
2120
T-82
LPG
X
E-82
3-30-03
Structural Triage Marking
4-1-03
0545
E-83
LPG
Safety
Work with Special Operations
(Technical Rescue &
Hazardous Materials)
Team Leaders.
Obtain Safety Briefings before working
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Barricade Tape use
Collapse Zone
Monitor Structure
Know Warning signals
Know your Personal Limitations
Personal Protective Equipment
Rehydration & Rehab
CISD
Hazards
Structural Instability
• Weakened Floors, walls,
roofs, beams and columns
• Free standing walls
• Spalling of Concrete
structure, masonry
• Shifting of debris from
aftershocks, vibrations or
secondary collapse
• Attached buildings can be
an exposure, or weakened
by collapse
Hazards
Overhead Hazards
• Loosened debris and
unstable building
structures overhead
• Low Hanging power
lines
• Building contents that
are unstable and
displaced
• Failing slings or cables
while lifting materials
Sharp Debris
• Broken Glass
• Jagged Metal
• Nails
• Wood Splinters
• Rough Masonry
Slip, Trip, Fall
• Fluids
• Water, Ice, Snow
• Sewage
• Unsure Footing
• Improper Footwear
• Sink holes/ground
depression by earth
movement
• Downed Power lines
• Open Manhole covers
Below - Grade
• Atmospheric changes due to
ruptured fuel, gas lines or
presence of hazardous
chemicals
• Floods
• May have caused collapse
• From ruptures water/sewage
lines
• From ground water
• Elevation differences can cause
difficult access and egress
Utilities
• Electrical
• Fuel/Gas
• Water
• Steam
• Sewage
Hazardous Materials
• Commercial
Establishments
• Hazardous Household
Chemicals
•
•
•
•
•
Ammonia
Bleach
Household Cleaners
Solvents
Etc.
• Garage
• Fire, Smoke,
Explosion
• Heavy Vibrations
• Inhalation Hazards
• Power Tools
• Noise
• Scene Control
Safety Considerations
Scene Approach
• Be Aware of Secondary
Explosive Devices
• Be Aware of Collapse area
and Secondary collapse area
• Establish Safe Zones
• Be Aware of probable
Hazardous Materials
• Utilities
• Fire Danger
Establish safe areas and
hazard zones
Monitor building movement
Before searching voids:
• Survey
• Stabilize
• Search
Awareness for Stress Factors
• Personnel
• Scene
Rehab
Enforce Safety
Safety
Personal Protective Equipment
• Full PPE including:
• Eye Protection
• Knee Pads
• Radio
• Lights
• Hand Light
• Helmet Light
• Chemical Light
Safety
Respiratory Protection
Level will depend on
atmospheric hazards
• Cartridge Filter
• SCBA
• Supplied Air
Communications
Maintain voice contact with
rescuers
Communicate needs to team
leaders
ALL rescuers should have a
portable radio
Have pre-determined hand
signals
On-Site Emergency Signaling
Procedures
Emergency Signaling is used to alert on scene response
personnel of:
•
•
•
•
•
Structural Instability
Secondary Devices/Explosions
Possible victim location
Hazardous Material Leaks
Other hazards that require immediate action
(withdrawal, abandonment and evacuation, etc.)
• Radio Announcement & portable Air Horn or Bull Horn
Alert Systems are most common. Vehicle mounted air
horns can also be used, if they can be heard inside of
collapsed structure and around work area.
• Accountability Systems will be used (Passports, PAR, and
Roll-Calls).
Responding After &
During Earthquakes
Structural Collapse EMS Concerns
• Majority of victims will have
injuries from falling debris
• Most visible surface victims
will have minimal entrapment.
• Victims may have vision and
breathing difficulties from
dust exposure and impaction.
• Blast injuries may be present
(hearing!).
• Entrapped victims will need
Technical Rescue (USAR)
Teams.
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake Cars crushed by collapsing brick facade near Fifth and Townsend Streets. At this locality,
five people were killed while leaving from work. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
Extended Operations
Night Ops
Rotating Shifts
Environmental
Exposure
Collapses and Crime Scene
Operations
Coordination with Local Law
Enforcement (PPD, FCSO, WSP),
Federal agencies (ATF, FBI, etc), and
Medical Examiner (Coroner).
Evidence
Preservation
Technical Rescue Team
When at the scene of a Structural Collapse:
• Notify FCCC and the Battalion Chief and
request a “Technical Rescue Team”. Provide the
radio frequency and cell phone number that
you can be reached at.
-A Technical Rescue Team Leader will
contact you and provide:
 Assistance with initial actions
 Safety considerations.
 Technical Rescue Team Response.