Transcript SEDAC - UIC Energy Resources Center

HIGH PERFORMANCE
DESIGN
Kristine Chalifoux, SEDAC
Trade Ally Rally │Illinois │December 2014
WHAT IS HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN?
What will it take to achieve high performance?
A. Goal Setting: design & performance energy goals
Know where you are and where you want to go.
B. Pick the right team: identify an energy champion
C. Focus on energy: in design & construction
Know the most effective strategies
D. Verify energy goals: model & measure
E. Plan to maintain: training & ongoing verification
2
BENCHMARKING
3
ENERGY USAGE ANALYSIS
Obtain at least one year’s worth of energy data on the building (two
years or more is better).
Plot the energy consumption for each month versus heating degree
days and cooling degree days.
Review the graphs for anomalies.
Here is a bank…
CDD
25,000
400
20,000
KWH
0
10,000
CDD
200
15,000
Therms
5,000
HDD
1400
4,000
1200
1000
3,000
HDD
kWh
800
2,000
600
400
1,000
5,000
200
June
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Nov
Oct
June
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
July
0
Sep
0
-
Aug


July

THERMS

TWO TYPES OF BUILDINGS
Envelope Dominated: energy usage
pattern tied to the climate, generally with
some base load electrical and natural gas
usage.
Internal Gain Dominated: energy usage
pattern only slightly or not linked to the
climate. Cooling load year-round.
Typically, small buildings are envelope dominated
and large buildings are internal gain dominated –
although this is not cast in concrete.
UTILITY BILL ANALYSIS/BENCHMARKING
Electricity
Natural Gas
Total
Facilities Area
Electricity Use
Intensity
Energy Use
Intensity
Annual Consumption
504,000 kWh
8,551 therms
Total:
2
15,753 ft


2
32
kWh/ft /yr
163
kBtu/ft /yr
Target Finder Results
Energy Performance
Energy Use Intensity
Annual Costs
$ 50,249
87%
$ 7,236
13%
$ 57,485
2
Bank
31 Percentile
163 kBtu/ft2/yr
Average Unit Cost
$ 0.10 $/kWh
$ 0.85 $/therm
Gas Use
Intensity
Energy Cost
Intensity
Average
50 Percentile
104 kBtu/ft2/yr
0.54
$ 3.65
2
Therms/ft /yr
2
$/ft /yr
ENERGY STAR Certified
70 Percentile
82 kBtu/ft2/yr
ENERGY STAR® Target Finder was consulted for a
comparison with similar buildings. Target Finder uses a large
collection of building energy data to provide an estimate of an
average building’s energy consumption, taking into account its
location, size and use.
Energy Star Target Finder Score 1-100 www.Energystar.gov
TYPICAL DATA ANALYSIS – A SCHOOL…
We know…
 A school
Oct-11
Degree Days
kWh (3,753,262)
CDD (1,237)
REMEMBER
When you shift a secondary axis
you are changing the story you tell.
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Nov-10
 Comfortable
kWh
 Cooled
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan-11
 Heated
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Dec-10
 No summer
school
Base Load is typically
lights, fans, pumps,
plug loads, etc.
400
200
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Jan-11
Degree Days
0
Dec-10
April is a reasonable
“guess” for baseline
monthly usage
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Nov-10
kWh
OR is the
baseline
electric use
closer to
~275,000 kWh?
High electric use in air conditioned schools - late
spring/ early fall is not unusual as students return
to classes and cooling demand can be high.
kWh (3,753,262)
CDD (1,237)
REMEMBER
The graph tells only part of the story! A school
with minimal summer occupancy…
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
2,000
1,000
kWh (3,753,262)
HDD
REMEMBER
Remember to look for the unexpected!
Oct-11
Sep-11
Aug-11
Jul-11
Jun-11
May-11
Apr-11
Mar-11
Feb-11
Jan-11
Dec-10
Degree Days
0
Nov-10
kWh
Correlation with heating degree days likely
means electric resistance heating somewhere in
the building (i.e. teachers bringing in small space
heaters)
Consider whether or not it is
likely the baseline (base utility)
natural gas use is ~2,500
Therms/month?
Base Load is typically
DHW, pilot lights, etc.
6,000
2,000
Monthly Therms
1,000
4,000
500
3,000
0
Heatng Degree Days
1,500
5,000
2,000
1,000
0
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11
Nat'l Gas Usage (Therms)
HDD
REMEMBER
When you shift a secondary axis you are
changing the story you tell.
Or is it more likely that high natural gas use in summer
indicates excessive use of ventilation system reheat – and
the baseline (base utility) use is closer to 300
Therms/month.
6,000
1,500
Monthly Therms
1,100
4,000
900
3,000
700
Heatng Degree Days
1,300
5,000
500
2,000
300
1,000
100
0
Jun-10
Jul-10
Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 Mar-11 Apr-11 May-11
Nat'l Gas Usage (Therms)
HDD
REMEMBER
When you shift a secondary axis you are
changing the story you tell.
Election Day, school is closed. But some
portions are open for polling.
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November 2010
Monday
November 1, 2010
Tuesday November 2, 2010
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12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11: 00
AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to AM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to PM to
12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 1:30 2:30 3:30 4:30 5:30 6:30 7:30 8:30 9:30 10:30 11:30
AM
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AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
Figure 1: 1/2-Hour Interval Metered Electric Energy Demand – November 2010
Don’t forget the power of interval data analysis
when available!
Mo
Tu
We
Th
Fri
Sa
Su
Mo
Tu
We
Th
Fri
Sa
Su
Mo
Tu
We
Th
Fri
Sa
Su
Mo
Tu
We
Th
Fri
Sa
Su
Mo
Tu
TOP 10 STRATEGIES
NEW AND EXISTING
BUILDINGS
13
TOP TEN ENERGY STRATEGIES
Form & Environment
1. Orientation & Form
2. Insulation
3. Air Sealing
Loads
4. Lighting
5. Loads
Heating, Ventilating, & Air Conditioning
6. Heating
7. Cooling
8. Motors & Pumps
9. Building Automation
10. Commissioning
EXTRA CREDIT:
After implementing all of
these, consider renewables
such as solar and wind.

Science & Technology magnet school
 Replaces existing building
CASE STUDY
Base Case Annual Proposed Annual
kWh
kWh
Savings Annual
% Saved % Total
kWh
Heating
437,167
25,197
411,970
94%
45%
Cooling
74,963
31,606
43,357
58%
5%
Pumps/Fans
72,140
166,560
-94,420
-131%
-10%
Interior Lighting
123,298
104,357
18,941
15%
2%
Exterior Lighting
18,505
18,505
0
0%
0%
Plug Loads
200,509
200,509
0
0%
0%
Total
926,582
546,734
379,848
41%
41%
Proposed Annual kWh
Plug Loads
Interior Lighting
Baseline Annual kWh
Pumps/Fans
Cooling
Heating
KWH
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
ORIENTATION & ENVIRONMENT
 Orient buildings on the eastwest axis (+/- 10°)
 Reduce west facing glass
 Shade south glazing
 Take advantage of, or block,
prevailing winds
 Orientation makes a
difference in energy use!
CASE STUDY ORIENTATION
 East West Axis
 South overhangs
 Northern and southern windows
$82,000
$80,000
$78,000
$76,000
$74,000
$72,000
$70,000
0°
90°
180°
270°
ORIENTATION “DON’TS”
Curtain wall…
ORIENTATION “DON’TS”
Curtain wall…
JUST SAY NO!
ORIENTATION
“DON’TS”
…faces west
Beware of value engineering!
Shading devices compensate
for the heat gain from large
banks of windows, only to be
eliminated later in order to cut
up-front costs. If the windows
themselves are not redesigned, the result is visual
discomfort from glare and
higher energy costs.
ENVELOPE
Exceed code
 Wall and roof insulation levels
 Continuous insulation
 Windows
 Percent of wall area
 Low-e coating
 Reduced infiltration
 Air sealing
 Air barrier
 Vestibules
 Envelope commissioning
AIR SEALING
Air infiltration is unwanted air flow into and out of the building
caused by leakage paths and pressure differences between
inside and outside of the building.
Openings at the top and bottom of the building are the most
important to seal.
 plumbing chases
 wiring
 recessed lights
 chimney enclosures
 sill plate
 look above a recessed ceiling
 ducts in unconditioned areas
 surprises that you will find
SEALING THE ENVELOPE
Wall to Roof Junction Air Sealing
Pre-Retrofit
Post Air Sealing
Current condition
From SEDAC report
STACK EFFECT
Don’t let this happen to your building!
Positive pressure
(with reference to outside)
Neutral pressure plane
Negative pressure
(with reference to outside)
Photo Credit: David Keefe, Vermont Energy Investment Corporation
CASE STUDY ENVELOPE
R-18 to R-24 walls
 3” continuous insulation (polyiso)
R-37 roof insulation
 6” continuous insulation (polyiso)
 3” minimum at drains
Windows U-0.27, SHGC-0.31
Vestibules
Designed with heat exchanger to make up for
reduced air infiltration
ENVELOPE “DON’TS”
Building in southern Illinois
Built in 2005
Designed to code
ENVELOPE “DON’TS”
Occupants were cold
No continuous insulation
Don’t underestimate the impact of thermal bridging
MORE ENVELOPE “DON’TS”
Avoid these common pitfalls
• Assemblies with significant thermal bridging
28
MORE ENVELOPE “DON’TS”
Avoid these common pitfalls
• Assemblies with significant thermal bridging
29