Transcript 130600106046 - Rampurwala Taher

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YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,
GODHRA
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130600106046
130600106031
130600106051
130600106035
130600106047
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Rampurwala Taher Z.
Panchal Deep S.
Shah Akash K.
Patel Apurv K.
Rathod Hardipsinh B.
Guided By:Prof . A . .GHERI
Prof .M . H . LUNAGARIA
Reference Book:Atul Prakashan by
Dr. R. P. Rethaliya
Sr.no
INDEX
1.
INTRODUCTION TO DOOR
2.
COMPONENTS OF DOOR
3.
SIZES OF DOORS
4.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOORS
5.
INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS
6.
TYPES OF WINDOWS
7.
VENTILATORS
8.
FANLIGHT
9.
FIXTURES AND FASTENINGS
10.
METHODS OF ERECTION OF DOOR FRAME
11.
REFERENCES
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A Door is a movable barrier secured in a wall
opening.
FUNCTIONS:1.They admit ventilation and light
2.They act barrier to noise
3.Controls the physical atmosphere within a space
by enclosing it.
4.Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic
purpose.
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A) Door Frame
B) Door Shutter
The common width and height relations used: Width = 0.4 -0.6 height
 Height= (width + 1.2)m
 General sizes used:a) Residential
External door – 1.0 x 2.0 to 1.1 x 2.0m
Internal door - 0.9 x 2.0 to 1.0 x 2.0m
Bath & Wc - 0.7 x 2.0 to 0.8 x 2.0m
Garages for cars – 2.25 x 2.25 m to 2.40 x 2.25m
b) Public
1.2 x 2.0m or 1.2x 2.1 or 1.2x2.25m
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Various types of doors used in building
construction are as follows:
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Ledged Door
Ledged and Braced Door
Ledged , Braced and framed Door
Panelled Door
Glazed Door
Flush door
Solid Core Flush Door
Hollow Core Flush Door
Fly Proof door
Revolving Door
Sliding Shutter Door
Collapsible Steel Door
Rolling Steel shutter Door
Louvered door
•A ledge door is formed of vertical boards,
knows as bottoms , which are secured by
horizontal supports , known as ledge.
•Battens are 10 cm to 15 cm wide and 20
mm to 30 mm thick.
•Ledge are 10 cm to 20 cm wide and 30 mm
thick.
•Three ledge are employed-top , middle
and bottom.
•This is the simplest form of door which is
frequently used for narrow openings.
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These are similar to ledged
doors except that diagonal
members , known as braces are
provided.
The braces are generally 10 cm
to 15 cm wide and 30 mm thick.
The braces give rigidly to the
door and hence , door of this
type are useful for wide
opening.
Braces must slope upwards
from the hanging side as they
have to work in compression
and not in tension.
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In this type of doors, a
framework for shutters
is provided to make the
doors stronger and
better in appearance.
It can be used for
external use.
The braces should
inclined upwards from
the hanging side.
•These types of doors are widely used in
almost all types of buildings . They are
strong and give better appearance than
battened doors.
•This door consists of a frame work of
vertical members(styles) and horizontal
members(rails), Which are grooved along
the inner edges of the frame , to receive
the panels.
•The panels are made from timber,
plywood, block board or glass . The
thickness of panel is about 20 mm.
•The number of panels varies from 1 to 6.
•Glazed doors are provided where
additional light is required to be
admitted to the room through the
door or where the visibility of the
interior of the room is require from
the adjacent room.
•Such doors are commonly used for
hospitals, offices ,libraries ,show
rooms, shopping units, etc.
•The glass is received into the
rebates provided in the wooden sash
bars and secured by nails and putty
or by wooden beads fixed to the
frames.
Flush doors are becoming popular these
days because of their pleasing
appearance, simplicity of construction,
less cost, better strength and greater
durability.
They are used for residential as well as
public and commercial buildings.
These doors consists of solid or hollow
core covered on both sides with plywood
, face veneers etc.
•The thickness of plywood facing is
about 6 mm on either side and total
thickness of a flush door varies from
25mm to 40 mm.
•Flush doors are termite proof, crack
proof and
easy to clean.
•Flush doors are of two types:
(i)Solid core flush door
(ii)Hollow core flush door
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Solid core of the door consists of
wooden battens glued together
under great pressure.
A laminated flush door is heavy
and requires more material for
construction.
A hollow core flush door consists
of frame made up styles, top rail,
bottom rail and minimum two
intermediate rails, each of a
minimum of 75 mm width. The
inner space of the frame is
provided with equally spaced
battens each of 25 mm width.
The hollow core is covered on both
sides with plywood, face veneers
etc.
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The frame consists of
styles , top rail , bottom
rail and two intermediate
rails , not less than 75 mm
in width
The space between the
styles and rails is filled by
equally spaced battens
each of minimum 25mm,
Plywood and cross bands
can be glued from both
sides . The thickness of
plywood should should not
less than 6mm.
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These doors are used where it is desired
to allow the free air into the room but to
avoid the nuisance of flies, mosquitoes,
insects etc.
Hence, such doors are commonly used for
refreshment rooms, kitchens , cupboards
for storing food , sweet shops , hotels
etc.
The fly-proof door consists of vertical
stiles and horizontal rails into which
galvanized wire mesh is fixed. The
shutters are usually made to close
automatically by means of a spring.
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A revolving door consists of a central
support of a central support to which
four radiating shutters are attached .
The shutter may be fully glazed, fully
paneled or partly glazed and partly
panelled . At the rubbing ends of
shutters, vertical rubber pieces are
provided which prevent a draught of air.
Revolving doors keep the opening
automatically closed when it is not in
use.
These door are provided where there is
a constant foot traffic.
These doors are provided at the
entrance of public building like, banks,
hotels, offices, hospitals, theatres etc .
These doors are also suitable for the
entrance of air-conditioned buildings.
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In this type of doors , the shutter slides
on the sides with the help of runners and
guide.
The shutter of this type of door consists
of one or more panels which can slide
either on one side or both the sides.
For opening the sliding doors, either
cavities are provided in the wall to receive
the shutters , or shutters are made to lie
touching the wall.
They are commonly used for the entraces
of godowns , sheds, shops, showrooms,
garages etc.
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A collapsible door consists of a mild steel frame.
Two vertical pieces of a mild steel channels, about
15 mm to 20 mm wide are joined together with
the hollow portion of the channels inside. A
vertical gap of about 12 mm to 15 mm is thus
created. Such pieces are spaced at about 12 cm
centre to centre and are joined together by cross
iron pieces. The cross iron pieces are 10 mm to 15
mm wide and 15 mm thick.
Rollers mounted on horizontal pieces are provided
at top and bottom ends of the vertical pieces. The
door can be opened or closed by a slight pull or
push.
These doors are used for main entrance of
residential buildings, shops, garages, public
building, sheds, godowns etc. these doors being
very strong can be used in exposed situations to
safeguard against burglers.
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There are commonly used for
shops , go downs , stores etc.
The door shutter act like a
curtain and thus provides
adequate protection and
safety against fire and
thefts.
The shutter moves in two
vertical guide channels
installed at their ends.
The channel is made up of
steel sheets and deep enough
to accommodate the shutter
and to keep it in position.
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In this type of doors , shutters
are provided with louvers, either
fully or partly.
Upward and downward
movement of louvers are carried
out with the help of vertical
piece of timber.
The louvers should be kept
sloping away from the inner
option.
They are used for sanitory
blocks of public buildings.
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A window is defined as an
opening made in wall of a
building for the purpose
of providing natural light ,
natural ventilation and
vision
The construction of
windows is identical to
that of doors .Window
consist of window frame
and shutter
Sr.no Designation Size of
opening
Size of frame
(mm)
Size of
shutter(mm)
1.
6 WS 12
600 X 1200
590 X 1190
500 X 1100
2.
10 WT 12
1000 X 1200
990 X 1190
460 X 1100
3.
12 WT 12
1200 X 1200
1190 X 1190
560 X 1100
4.
6 WS 13
600 X 1300
590 X 1290
500 X 1200
5.
10 WT 13
1000 X 1300
990 X 1290
460 X 1200
6.
12 WT 13
1200 X 1300
1190 X 1290
560 X 1200
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1. Casement window
2. Steel window
3. Bay window
4. Clear storey window
5. Corner window
6. Dormer window
7. Sky light
8. Lantern light
9. Gable window
10. Double hung window
11 .Sliding window
12. Pivoted window
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These are the windows,
the shutters of which
open like doors. The
construction of
casement window is just
smaller to door
construction. A
casement window
consisits of a frame,
horizontal rails and
panels or glass panes
with sash bars.
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Steel window can be
fixed direct in the
masonary opening in the
wall or it may be fitted
in a wooden frame fixed
in the window opening in
the wall.
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These windows project
outside the external
walls of a room.
They may be square,
splayed, circular or
polygonal in shape.
These windows admit
more light, increase
opening area and
improve the
appearance of the
building.
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These windows are provided
near the top of the main roof
as shown in figure.
These windows are provided in
a room which has greater
ceiling height than the
surrounding rooms.
Clear storey windows provide
ventilation to the inside of the
room and improve the
appearance of building
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These are the
windows provided at
the corner of a room.
By use of this window
it is possible to
ensure light and
ventilation from two
direction at the right
angles.
It also improves th
elevation of the
building.
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It is a vertical window
provided in the sloping
roof.
The main purpose of
providing dormer window is
to admit light and the air in
the building.
It also serves as an
architectural feature to
the building.
The window provided in
the gable end of
pitched roof is known as
gable window.
It is a vertical window.
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These are the windows,
provided on the slopping
surface of a pitched roof.
The opening for the sky
light is made by cutting
the common rafter
suitably.
The sky light is provided
with a view to permit the
natural light in the room
below it.
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Such windows are provided
over the flat roofs, to
provide more light and the
air to the inner rooms of a
building.
They may be square,
rectangular or curved.Glass
panels are generally fixed.
If ventilation is also
required in addition to light,
pivoted windows may be
provded.
Sliding windows
Glazed windows
Pivoted windows
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A ventilator may be defined as a narrow window of small
height provided near the roof of a room for providing
ventilation in the room.
The ventilator has a frame and a shutter, generally
glazed, which is horizontally pivoted. The shutter can be
opened or closed by means of, two cords, one attached to
the top rail and other to the bottom rail of the shutter.
The top edge of the shutter opens inside and the bottom
edge opens outside, so that rail water is excluded.
Normally, the following sizes of ventilator are adopted:
600mm*600mm
1000mm*600mm
1200mm*600mm
Ventilators are also provided in bathrooms and w.c. with
glazed louvers.
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When the ventilator is combined with a door or
window, as its top, it is known as fanlight.
The function of fanlight ensure cross ventilation
in the room even when door is closed.
It also assists in natural light in the corridors or
passages.
Fanlight is fitted between the head of the door or
window frame and the transom. The shutters of
the fanlight may be pivoted at the centre or it
may be top hung.
The following types of fixtures and fastenings are
required for doors, windows and ventilators.
•Hinges
•Bolts
•Handles
•Locks
The fixtures and fastenings for doors and windows
can be of iron, brass and aluminium. The fixtures and
fastenings are manufactured in different shapes and
sizes to suit the requirements of the different size
and type of doors and windows.
Different types of hinges:-
No.
Type
Use/Detail
1.
Back Flap Hinges
Useful when shutters are thin
These are fixed to the back side of
the shutter.
2.
Butt Hinge
Most commonly used for fixing
door/window shutters to the frame.
3.
Counter Flap Hinge
This hinge is formed in three parts
and has two centers.
Hence the two leaves can be folded
back to back.
4.
Garnet Hinge
This type of hinge is also known asTShutter.
This hinge is used for ledged and
battened doors, ledged and braced
doors.
5.
6.
Nar mandi Hinge
Parliamentary Hinge
This is used for heavy doors.
These hinges permit the door
shutter, when open to rest parallel
to the wall.
7.
Pin Hinge
8.
Rising butt Hinge
9.
Strap hinge
10.
Spring Hinge
This is also used for heavy door
shutters.
This type of hinge is provided with
helical nickle joints, due to which
shutter is raised by 10mm on being
opened.
It is a substitute of garnet or Thinge. It is also used for ledged and
braced door and for heavy doors
such as garages , stables , gates.
Simple acting and Double acting
hinges are used for swinging doors.
Different types of Bolts
No.
Type
Use/Detail
1.
Aldrop Bolt
It is fixed on external doors where pad locks are
to be used.
It is used for fixing back faces of doors.
2.
Barrel Bolt
3.
Flush Bolt
This bolt is used when it is desired to keep the
bolt flush with the face of the shutter.
4.
Espagnalette
Bolt
5.
Haspand Stape
bolt
This is used for screwing high doors and
casement windows, the top of which cannot be
easily reached.
This is also used for external doors where pad
lock is to be used.
6.
Latch
It is fixed to the inside face of the door.it
consists of lever pivoted at one end which can be
actuated by a trigger passing through the
shutter.
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Various types of handles as
shown in figure.
Wardrobe handle-elliptical in
shape, used for better
appearance
Lever handle-works with a
lever and the door closes
automatically when handle is
released.
Bow handle-to facilitate
opening of the door.
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The timber frames are installed by the following two methods:
A) Built in method
B) Prepared opening method
A) Built in method
Before fixing, all the portions of the frame which will come in contact with
masonry are painted with thick coat of coal tar or by any approved type of wood
primer.
In this method, frame is fixed to the wall at the wall at the time of
construction of wall.
Two holes are made in the coping at plinth level.The two posts of the frame are
rest in the holes.
Now the masonry of side walls is carried out up to 1m height on both the sides
of the frame.
The hold fasts are embedded in concrete blocks.
The cross battens are used to hold the frames in rectangular shape during
construction.
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B)Prepared opening method
In this method, the frame is installed after the construction of wall.
This method is preferred to the built in method as the frame is less
liable to distortion and moisture changes.
In this method, holes are made in the jambs at the tope, bottom and
middle.
The hold fasts are embedded in plain cement concrete. The horns of
the frame are also embedded in plan cement concrete.