Transcript glass curtain wall

CURTAIN WALL
Structural Seminar
Submitted by
Richard Sadokpam
B.Arch 8th Sem.
060143
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GENERAL CONCEPTS
Curtain Wall
Curtain walls are non-load bearing exterior walls with the following characteristics:
•They are suspended in front of the structural frame
•Their own dead weight and wind loads are transferred to the structural frame
through point anchorages.
•The design of the joints between the curtain wall elements and the fastening
technique permit the erection of continuous wall surfaces of any size.
Grid construction of curtain walls
•The majority of curtain wall consists of a rectangular grid of vertical and horizontal members, framing
openings filled with inserts or glass.
•The inserts and the glazing are the space enclosing elements of the grid curtain wall, while the grid
itself forms the framework, within which these are installed.
• Normally, the grid is attached to the supporting structure, to which it then transfers the entire weight
of the curtain wall plus possible wind loads.
• only in a few cases, the inserts are fastened to the structure directly.
•The grid is clearly expressed in elevation and gives the curtain wall façade, its characteristic structure.
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Panel Construction of Curtain wall
•The term panel construction will be applied to wall assemblies consisting of large, story high panels
fastened either directly or indirectly
•It is done by secondary framing to the supporting structure
• the only components of panel curtain walls are the panels themselves
•The panels combine the twin functions of enclosing space and transferring the dead and live loads to the
supporting structure
Important characteristics of such panels is their jointless, continuous outer surface
STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF CURTAIN WALL
Loads
•Although curtain walls have been defined as “non-bearing exterior walls,” they are loaded horizontally by
the wind and vertically by their own dead weight
• it must be remembered that winds produce suctions as well as pressure on the face of a building.
• These negative forces are important in dimensioning anchors, fasteners and glazing bleads installed from the
outside.
•In hurricanes for more glass is blown out of buildings than into them.
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The effect of Wind loading
• The wind loads acting on a curtain wall are transferred through fasteners to the supporting
structure.
• Thus, the curtain wall is stressed in bending.
• Its own weight acts as a vertical force. Accordingly, the elements of a curtain wall must be designed
for a direct stress and bending combined.
•The dead weight of the wall results either in
• in tensile stress if the units are suspended or
• in compressive stresses if the units stand on their bottom edge
•In designing for combined bending and tension there is no need to provide for buckling, but buckling
is a distinct possibility where bending and compression are involved.
•The curtain wall should be made of material capable of resisting bending action
Elastic deformation
•The elastic deformation of curtain wall is a consequence of the bending due to wind loads
•All the elements exposed to the wind deflect in the direction in which the wind loads act
•In grid construction, moreover, the weight of the sprendals and glazing bears on the horizontal members of
the grid causing them to deflect vertically.
•The degree of elastic deformation is variable
•It depends on the stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the components.
•An effort should be made to prevent these deflections, which to a large extent determine the tightness and
proper functioning of the joints
•Unfortunately, finding the modulus of elasticity of panels and wall units composed of a number of different
materials is not a easy proposition. in such cases, theoretical calculations of the deflection must be
supplemented by the results of load tests
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TYPES OF CURTAIN WALLS
DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALL
FULL GLASS CURTAIN WALL
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METAL CURTAIN WALL
Exterior circulation
Interior circulation
Double circulation
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UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL
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Unitized
Individual unitized
Glass flank unitized
STONE CURTAIN WALL
STICK CURTAIN WALL
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Aluminium single
Stainless steel plate
Aluminium composite panel
Honeycomb panel
Exposed frame glass
Full hidden frame glass
Semi hidden frame glass
Dry processing concealed frame glass
• Black bolt stone
• Splint stone
• Continuous groove stone
TILE CURTAIN WALL
POINT FIXING GLASS WALL
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Art steel structure supported
Space tensile cable supported
Self balancing supported
Single cable supported
PHOTOELECTRICITY CURTAIN WALL
VIDEO CURTAIN WALL
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DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALL
Double-skin dynamic energy saving curtain wall ( thermal shaft curtain wall), according to ventilation
principle, it can be divided into
•natural ventilation and
•forced ventilation systems,
namely exterior circulation double skin curtain wall system and interior circulation double skin curtain wall
system.
It consists of an outer curtain wall, an inner curtain wall, sun shading device, air inlet device, outlet device.
The design idea is to achieve energy saving, environmental protection, and to provide a pleasant working or
living environment.
Special features of products for exterior circulation double skin curtain wall system:
1.According to air thermal compression principle and chimney effect, the fresh air is let indoor, the
fouled air is exhausted to outdoor, this can effectively prevent the dust from entering into the indoor.
2.Preeminent winter heat preservation and summer heat insulation function.
3.Reasonable lighting function, according to the needs of user, the light adjustment
can be changed, and the lighting environment can be ameliorated.
4.Preeminent sound insulation and acoustic function, creating a serene working
and living environment for the user.
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Interior Circulation Double Skin Curtain Wall
Double Skin Curtain Wall
Special features of products for interior circulation double skin curtain wall:
System principle
●Shutting down air conduit to indoor in summer, let most of hot air inside the double layer sealed
thermal shaft area vent into outdoor.
●In winter, the greenhouse effect heat--retaining air will be heated by conduit loop system and passed
to indoor, reaching energy-saving effect.
●System structure--whole system adopts unitized structure, outer layer adopts sealed insulation glass,
inner layer adopts single glass pivot-hung window, shading louver is installed between the two walls;
The outlet is joined with building air-conditioning system.
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Double Skin Curtain Wall
Performance
●Heat-insulating property--with
admirable heat preservation, heatinsulating property, k value of
average heat transmission
coefficient can reach to
0.96W/m2K.
●Sound insulation property-admirable sound insulation
performance, weighted noise
insulation factor can reach to
RW>45dB.
●Mechanical ventilation--by
assorting of curtain wall, heating
and ventilation and air-conditioning
system, that provides fresh air and
realizes energy recovery, the
specific discharge, according to
different use location, can
maximally reach to 100m3/h.
●Comfortable degree--enough light
indoor, favorable temperature.
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Double Circulation Double Skin Curtain Wall
Double Skin Curtain Wall
System principle
By adopting compound ventilation mode, natural draught and mechanical ventilation can alternately operate
under the different condition. The air outlet is opened in summer, and it let most of hot air inside double layer
sealed thermal shaft vent out of the outdoor. In winter, the air outlet is shut down, by using the greenhouse
effect to heat air of inter layer and increase temperature at internal surface, reaching energy-saving effect.
●System structure-whole system adopts unitized structure, outer layer adopts sealed insulation glass, inner layer adopts
single-glass pivot-hung window, louver for adjusting light is in the middle; air outlet is applied blower.
●Heat preservation property—
with admirable heat preservation and heat- insulating property, k value of average heat transmission
coefficient can reach
to 1.15W/m2K.
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Double Skin Curtain Wall
●Sound insulation
property--with admirable
sound insulation
performance,
weighted noise insulation
reaches to RW>42dB.
●Mixed ventilation--enting
velocity can realize selfcontrol, without relying on
building air-conditioning
system, design construction
is more agility.
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Unitized curtain wall
UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL
Unitized curtain wall consist of different components and coated materials fabricated at shop and
assembled into a single whole panel with the panel height of one or more storeys, then transported to
construction site for erection. The panels are precisely connected to the building with the pre-embeds on
the building main structure, the fine adjustment to finish the curtain wall installation is achieved by the
adjustment screw.( show as picture)
Special features of products for unitized exposed frame curtain wall system,
unitized concealed frame curtain wall system, unitized semi- concealed frame
curtain wall system:
●Unitized panels are assembled in the factory, with high degree of precision.
●Fast installation efficiency, short construction period, easy to protect finished
product.
●That can be simultaneously constructed with major structural of civil work, greatly shortens the construction
period for whole building.
●Structure adopts pressure equalization principle, with drainage system inside, good anti- rainwater leakage
and anti-air penetration quality.
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Unitized curtain wall
●Joint location of panels is sealed with special weather resistance rubber strip, that ensures selfcleaning function of curtain wall , and lowers the degree of pollution on the surface.
●Socket joint mode is adopted between the plates, with strong earthquake resistance property.
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Unitized curtain wall
Individual unitized curtain wall
●Structural feature--glass plates can be installed and taken down freely.
●Special features of linkage--wind pressure is mostly withstood by the hook plates on the four sides of
glass plates, the design of structure sealant makes the structure possess dual functions for added security
protection.
●Architectural effect--the line of outside view is both simple and lively, with good transparency.
●Range of application--able to achieve large subdivision plate, and is suitable for huge buildings such as
aerodrome, exhibition hall etc.
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Unitized curtain wall
Glass flank unitized curtain wall
●Structural feature--glass flank adopts dismountable lock catch type connection system, which is secure,
reliable, and easy to maintain.
●Water tightness, air tightness--that use pressure equalised principle, multi-cavity step by step
decompression, structure drainage, possessing favorable water tightness, air-tightness properties.
●Outside view effect--under the lamplight in the night, the light leaves you infinite dream with the mutual
shine between the glass flank and facial glass.
●Inside view effect--it adopts hidden type unlock structural design, with the inside view effect of both
continuity and unification.
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STICK CURTAIN WALL
A stick curtain wall requires installation of individual framing members to form the support grid for
glazing of the infill panes. It can be divided into three types namely Concealed framing, semiconcealed framing and exposed framing. Glass panes are fixed with either a pressure plate or a hookon profile.
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Exposed frame glass
Full hidden frame glass
Semi hidden frame glass
Dry processing concealed frame glass
Special features of products：
1.
2.
3.
Block press type structural member curtain wall
Articulated joint type structural member curtain wall
Structural member type exposed frame glass curtain wall
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Stick Curtain Wall
Block press type structural member curtain wall ( also called unit structural
member curtain wall)
● Mullions with movement joints to cater for building movements.
● Pressure plate provide uniform clamping pressure to minimize glass deformation.
● Good acoustic performance.
● Applicable to flat and curved curtain wall.
● Low maintenance cost and easy replacement of damages
Articulated joint type structural member curtain wall ( also called
small unitized structural member curtain wall)
● Simple installation procedure.
● Mullions with movement point to cater for building movements.
● Applicable to flat curtain wall.
● Good acoustic performance.
Structural member type exposed frame glass curtain wall
●Heat preservation property --it adopts heat insulation structure and deploys cosqueezed rubber strip with air insulation function, making the coefficient of heat
transmission for frame reach by 1.94W/m2K.
●Satisfying various requirements--by selecting serial heat insulation strip and relevant
glass allocation, it can obtain different heat preservation property, to satisfy energy
saving requirements of buildings in different area.
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Stick Curtain Wall
Structural member type full hidden frame glass curtain wall
Special features of products：
●Standard products--standardization and serialization in design for products,
reliable and stable quality, that satisfy different requirements.
●Structural features--Fixed loocation installation, Fixed spacing compact
structure, glass plates with stress in uniformity; plates floating type connection
structure, inside plane with strong displacement and absorbing ability.
●Water tightness, air tightness--caulking joint with weather sealant, water
tight and air tightness reach ( GB / T 15225-94) Ⅰ level standard.
●Architectural effect--elevation is smooth and simplicity.
●Heat preservation property--it adopts baker rod filled air cavity, weather
sealant caulked joint, making coefficient of heat transmission of frame reach
to 1.7W/m2K.
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Stick Curtain Wall
Structural member type semi- hidden frame glass curtain wall
Structural member type semi- hidden frame ( show transversely) glass
curtain wall
●Standard products--products standardization, serialization design , reliable
and stable quality, satisfy different requirements.
●Structural feature--bearing plate fixed on transverse can assume glass self
weight, with reliable structure.
●Architectural effect--it meets the different requirement for effect of elevation
of building by changing pinch plate in transverse direction.
Structural member type semi-hidden frame ( show vertically) glass curtain
wall
●Standard products--products standardization, serialization design, reliable
and stable quality, all satisfy different requirements.
●Structural feature--glass self weight is assumed by bearing plate fixed on
transverse beam, with the safe and reliable structure.
●Architectural effect--that meets different requirement for effect of elevation
of building by changing pinch plate in vertical direction.
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Stick Curtain Wall
Structural member type dry processing concealed frame glass curtain wall
●Standard products--products standardization, serialization design , reliable and
stable quality, satisfy different requirements.
●Structural feature--it adopts hook join type mechanical interlock structure, both
safety and reliable; glass plates can realize installation in disorder, simplicity of
operation, and immediate installation.
●Special features of performance--three pieces of sealing rubber strip, water
tightness, air tightness can reach( GB / T 15225-94) I level standard.
● Architectural effect--in terms of inside and outside view effect, the opening part is
in accord with fixed part in elevation of building, both harmony and unification on
the whole.
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POINT FIXING GLASS WALL
Point fixing glass curtain wall consists of decorative surface glass, connection component and
supporting structure.
According to supporting structure, it can be divided into
1. Art steel structure supported point fixing glass curtain wall system
2. Space tensile cable supported point fixing glass curtain wall system
3. Self-balancing tensile cable supported point fixing glass curtain wall system
4. Single cable supported point fixing glass curtain wall system
Decorative surface glass must be handled by toughening treatment, and can adopt with single-glass,
insulation glass or laminated glass.
Special features of products
●Transparent effect makes natural and harmonious scene between indoor space
and outdoor environment.
●Exquisite structural member and aesthetic structure realize delicate combination of metal
structure and glass decoration art.
●All kinds of supporting structure satisfy the requirements of building structure and decorative
effect.
●Glass and connection claw adopt ball pivot linkage , with comparatively strong capacity in
absorbing deformation.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
Art steel structure supported point fixing glass curtain wall
YUANDA-PGCS-A01
●Structural system--the composite structure system is composed of curved
face steel pipe lattice shell system and curved face cable nets system. Lattice
shell system withstand exterior load action, the stability within plane is assumed
by cable nets system.
●Special features of linkage--the universal hinged spherical insert-type joint is
adopted between the steel pipe structural members.
●Art feature--the combination of flexibility system, rigidity system and glass
perfectly embodies true modern art of industry.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
YUANDA-PGCS-A02
● Structural system --fish-belly type plane pipe truss system is adopted, the structure is both
reasonable and economy.
●Special features of linkage--the weld joint type is adopted between the steel pipes, with smooth lines
and exquisite joint point.
●Art feature--fish-belly truss is disposed in parallel type, with decent and transparent effect.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
YUANDA-PGCS-A03
●Structural system--space truss structure system, the large arm acts as the part of space unit, as
well as the principal connection member.
●Material features--organic combination of stainless steel and carbon steel.
●Shape esthetics--the force and beauty are incarnated incisively and vividly by combining the bow
type shape of large claw arm and point supporting of glass.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
Space tensile cable supported point fixing glass curtain wall
YUANDA-PGCS-B01
●Structural system--the composite structure system is composed of curved face steel pipe lattice shell system and
curved face cable nets system. The lattice shell system can withstand exterior load action, the stability within plane
is assumed by cable nets system.
●Special features of linkage--the universal hinged spherical insert-type joint is adopted between the steel pipe
structural members.
●Art feature--the combination of flexibility system, rigidity system and glass perfectly embodies true modern art of
industry.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
YUANDA-PGCS-B02
●Structural system--the structure adopts transverse plane cable rod truss to withstand the exterior load
action, the vertical cable rod plays the stabilizing action
outside the plane and also withstand self weight load of glass, which is the system of geometrical
nonlinearity and flexibility for prestress.
●Range of application--that is mostly suitable for the opening between the storey with large aspect ratio,
and more economically utilizes the stress mechanism of structure.
●Architectural effect--curtain wall enjoys the effect of transparent, brightness and legerity.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
Self-balancing supported point fixing glass curtain wall
YUANDA-PGCS-C01
●Structural system--the structure consists of pulling cable, draw rod and steel structure, which is selfbalancing system of prestress.
● Structural feature--draw rod and pulling cable adopt pre-stretching system for prestress, by relying on
itself structural balance, under the outside load action, the
prestress greatly decreases the load transferred to the major structure.
●Architectural
effect--simplicity,
liveliness and
coherence. That fully
embodies the
beauty, both rigidity
of steel and
gentleness of cable
rod.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
Single cable supported point fixing glass curtain wall
YUANDA-PGCS-D01
●Structural system -- the structure adopts single-layer plane cable nets structure twisted crossly by
transverse and vertical pulling cables to withstand the exterior
load action, which is the system of geometrical nonlinearity and flexibility for prestress.
●Structural feature-- structure is based on principle of tennis racket, by applied prestress the cable
nets produces the rigidity to withstand the load outside plane.
●Range of application-- that is suitable for quadrangle entry elevation and large span opening etc.
●Architectural effect-- the most transparent curtain wall system gives you the fully visual impact.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
YUANDA-PGCS-D02
●Structure system - - supported by concave soft cable network supporting system composed by
large-scale hanging cable and the single layer wire crossing network pointsystem.
●Product characteristic - - large-scale hanging single cable network system forms different in
concave fold curtain wall by advanced form finding technology.
●Earthquake resistance ability - - the waving machine between single cable anchored damper and
hanging cable make the machine have superior anti earthquake capability.
●Construction effect - - magnificent boundless, grand, visual shocks.
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Point Fixing Glass Wall
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FULL GLASS CURTAIN WALL
YUANDA-FGCS-01
●Structure features--glass rib and glass board is connected by structure rubber; the top of glass rib uses
hangs to connect with node, the base uses the slip joint.
●Construction effect --the light alternately shining between glass rib and surface glass leaves you the
infinite dreams.
YUANDA-FGCS-02
●Structure features--the glass rib and glass board is connected by stainless claws. The top of glass
rib uses hangs as connection, flex as connection in the base.
●Construction effect--stainless claws under light show you special artistic effect.
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METAL CURTAIN WALL
The metal curtain wall decoration effect is diverse, colorful and anti-corrosive.
The metal curtain wall could be divided into
1. Aluminum single curtain wall
2. Aluminum composite panel curtain wall
3. Honeycomb panel curtain wall
4. Stainless steel plate curtain wall
Aluminum single curtain wall
●Material characteristics--good ductility, easy to bend processing and the complex curved surface
forming, easy to adapt construction decoration request. Corrosion resistance and weather proofing.
●Connection characteristics--floating-type pressing joint structure, with dislodgement absorb and
earthquake resistance ability.
●The construction effect--fluorocarbon spray coating technology bring the elevation more colorful.
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Metal Curtain Wall
Stainless steel plate curtain wall
●Material characteristics--artistic and smooth surface and diverse utilization; good performance of
anti-corrosive; high temperature proofing and oxidation intensity,
be of fire protection performance.
●Structure features--panel floating link and strong dislodges absorbing ability and anti earthquake
capability.
●Decoration effect --different processing methods lead to different decoration effect.
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Metal Curtain Wall
Aluminum composite panel curtain wall
●Material characteristics--light weight, simple processing craft. The surface is dealt with fluorine
carbon coating processing, with anti-corrosive, anti-ultraviolet
radiation etc merits. Compared with the aluminum single plate, it has good sound insulation and
thermal performance.
●Installation structure--localization installment, could be three dimensional adjusted with strong
dislodgement absorbing capability.
●Construction effect--metal sense of reality, rich color, smooth surface and lines.
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Metal Curtain Wall
Honeycomb panel curtain wall
●Material characteristics--superior thermal and heat insulation performance;
high rigidity and light weight with high intensity and the anti-avulsion and smooth surface.
●Installation structure--pressing type connection enriches products with high security.
●Construction effect--metal sense of reality and rich color, smooth lines and bright sense of depth.
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STONE CURTAIN WALL
Divided into:
1. Back bolt stone curtain wall
2. Splint stone curtain wall
3. Continuous groove stone curtain wall
Back bolt stone curtain wall
●Connection form--use
stainless steel expanding nonstressing anchor connection,
safe and reliable.
●Installation structure-suspension flexible connection
will bring high anti earthquake
performance. It is adjustable in
multi-directions, and of smooth
and neat surface.
●Construction effect--noble
stone material and bright sense
of quality display its grave
natural and noble luxurious.
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Stone curtain wall
Splint stone curtain wall
●The connection form-- aluminum alloy carrier connection, the cementation
completed in the factory, the quality is reliable.
●Installation structure --hanging style structure allows to be three dimensional
adjusted. Elastic cushion’s installation may achieved and provide flexible
connection and the earthquake resistance performance.
●Construction effect--noble stone material and bright sense of quality display
the building’s grave and noble luxurious.
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Stone curtain wall
Continuous groove stone curtain wall
●Connection form -- enhance system safety and the intensity effectively by adopting continuous
aluminum alloy molding.
●Installation structure -- structure installation may realize three dimensional adjustment, making sure
the curtain wall surface smooth and neat.
●Construction effect -- noble stone and bright sense of quality display the building's grave and noble
luxurious nature.
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TILE CURTAIN WALL
●Installment structure--adopt stainless steel pressed spring to form flexible connection to reduce
noise. Dry installation.
yield no pollution and easy to be installed.
●Material features--tile is green environment protection product with no color difference and could be
self-cleaned.
●Artistic effect--special color for tile material make buildings more traditional and modern.
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PHOTOELECTRICITY CURTAIN WALL
●Energy conservation--reduce wall surface and roofing temperature, and reduce the air conditioning load
and energy consumption.
●Environmental protection--no need of fuel, without waste gas, heat, and noise pollution.
●Practical--relieve high electricity consumption daytime and solve the problems in less electricity regions.
●Effect--all kinds of light module are adopted in glass, more colorful and artistic expressive force.
Photoelectricity curtain wall has strong electricity generation function,
with the capability of 130w/m2. The 10000m2 photoelectricity curtain
wall may generate electricity every day (10 hours):
130×10000×10=13000kwh
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VIDEO CURTAIN WALL
●Operate by LED management tool V5.5 software researched independently
●The computer may gather many kinds of media information
●Screen control system may adjust display monitor’s physical parameter and transform digital signal
into light signal through the optical fiber long-distance transmission
●Display panel control system transfer the light signal into digital signal and control display effect.
●The acoustic yield more rich expression
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VIDEO CURTAIN WALL
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CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS
A pictorial study of High-Rise buildings
in Hong Kong
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COMMON TYPES OF CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
1) Stick system
2) Unit system
3) Unit and mullion system
4) Column-cover and spandrel system
5) Various types of glass wall system
Typical stick system wall –
the Gateway at Tsim Sha Tsui
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Typical unitized system wall – the Cheung
Kong Center
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Glass wall and skylight for the Festival Walk Shopping Mall
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Glass wall for the Terminal
Building at Hong Kong Chek
Lap Kok International Airport
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Glass wall used for the
Hong Kong Convention
and Exhibition Center
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The glass wall for the
International Finance Center
(Hong Kong Station)
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Glass Hubs at podium roof of the
International Finance Center
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Curtain wall for the
Cyberport Development
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Situations where buildings in Hong Kong are expected to face
• Very large building envelop (say, up to 50000 sq m)
• Typhoon situations (wind speed up to 60m/s)
• Thunderstorm situations
• Extreme temperature difference
• Exposure to salty or polluted atmosphere
• Long period of air-conditioning/cooling time
Functions and performance requirements of curtain wall for high-rise buildings
1) strength and stability – dead load and wind load
2) weather resistance – ability to keep out water & wind
3) thermal insulation and condensation – max 30W/sq m
4) sound insulation – 25dB or above
5) fire resistance – usually no specific requirement if enough separating
distance from relevant boundary is provided
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Testing of curtain wall
1) air infiltration
2) water penetration under static & dynamic pressure
3) structural adequacy under static & dynamic pressure
4) vertical and horizontal seismic movement
5) hinge and frame test
6) in-situ pull-out test
Installation process
1) transportation, storage and handling
2) anchorage and connection provision
3) installation arrangement
4) final fixing and inspection
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Handling of the
window units
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Built-in anchor and
hanging brackets
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Cases for References
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Shun Hing Plaza
- 68-storey office building constructed in
composite form (core wall plus external steel frame)
Installing of the curtain wall
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Close up of the mullion frame at the external faces of building
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Close up of the walling frame with
mullion and transom in position
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Wall to cover the bracing members
located in the building exterior
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Fixing the mullion onto the floor structure
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Detail of the fixing bracket
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Wall framing components
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Manulife Tower
(Lee Garden Hotel Redevelopment) –
50-storey office building in composite construction
Overview of the building’s exterior
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Curtain wall installation
for the typical floors
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Close up of the rebate on the sides of the building exterior
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Close up seeing the walling arrangement of the sky garden
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The hanger brackets and the secured units on the
floor edges
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Maintenance Consideration
common problem sources where failures to curtain wall often occur
Design failure –
•selection and appropriateness of the system,
•non-compliance to design and performance standards,
•imperfection in the jointing design and
•detailing, improper use of materials etc.
Construction and structural failure –
•wrong location or method of fixing,
•improper anchorage and connection provision (including failure in welding),
•failure in the walling components,
• unpredicted deflection or deformation appears in the background structure,
•poor supervision and workmanship.
Aging and deterioration –
•discoloring and surface damaging due to weather action;
•corrosion due to air pollution, acid rain, or electro-chemical effect to dissimilar metals;
• aging and hardening of the glazing compound or sealing gasket,
•deteriorating of the insulating materials that lead to further dampening of the walling
materials/components,
• disfiguring or loosening of the fixing and connections,
• loosening or broken-off of the glazing or other fitting items.
Richard Sadokpam, 060143
68
Thank you
Richard Sadokpam, 060143
69