Transcript Judaism and Christianity

Judaism and Christianity
1
Word Attack
Scripture
 Tanach
 Covenant
 Monotheism
 Sacrifice
 Patriarch
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Important decisions
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How do we decide what is fair and unfair?
What is being good?
What is happiness?
How important are humans in the universe?
All of these questions are asked when people
are looking for the meaning of life.
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The Covenant
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2 Major Religions Started in the Middle
East
◦ Judaism
◦ Christianity
Thousands of years ago
 These two religions give answers to the
fundamental questions about meaning and
life.
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Scripture
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Scripture
◦ Sacred Writings that are believed to be the
word of God
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Jews
◦ Tanach- Old Testament
◦ Torah-First Five books of Moses
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Christians
◦ Bible- New and Old Testament
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The Tanach
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Jewish Scripture
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Laws- 10 commandments
Poetry- Psalms and Proverbs
HistoryLettersLegends
Purpose of writings to show how God deals
with people and how we should live
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Judaism
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First book of the bible
◦ Genesis –The beginning
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Abraham
◦ 3500 years ago
◦ Lived in Ur
◦ Moved his family from Ur to Canaan
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Marks the beginning of Judaism
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The Covenant
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A relationship in which two parties agree
to depend on each other
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The covenant between Abraham and God
is called the Abrahamic Covenant
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The Abrahamic Covenant

God promises to Abraham
◦ Father of a great nation
◦ Promise of land
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Abraham promises to God
◦ He and his descendents would worship one
god only and trust in him
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Monotheism- the religious belief that
there is only one divine being
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One God?
New idea thousands of years ago
 There use to be a god for everything
 As a sign of the covenant
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◦ Circumcision of male infants
◦ 8 days old
The Abrahamic Covenant is the basis for the
Jewish Religion
 Most religions believe that God enters
relationships with humans through covenants
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Life Before Covenants
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People made offerings to the Gods
◦ Stay on Their good side
Shift in thinking that there was one God
that would take care of everything.
 This relationship personalizes God and
help people to have purpose in life and to
make decisions
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The Test
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Abram (100) and Sarai (90)were getting old
◦ They did not have any children
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Name Change
◦ Abram=Abraham (father of a multitude)
◦ Sarai=Sarah (princess)
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God told Abraham that Sarah was going to have
a child and the child’s name should be Isaac.
◦ He laughed
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The Test Continued
Isaac was born
 God tested Abraham
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◦ Sacrifice Isaac
◦ Story Time
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What do we learn from this story
(according to Christians and Jews)?
Abraham trusted completely in God
 God provided a way for the sacrifice to
be made
 Everything comes from God
 Sacrifices were given often
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◦ Usually the first of everything
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God keeps his promises
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Abrahamic Covenant
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“I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the
heaven and as the sand which is upon the
sea shore” Gen 22:17-18
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Many Descendants
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Abraham
◦ Isaac
 Jacob
 Twelve Tribes of Israel
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First Patriarch
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Patriarch
◦ A man who is a founder or father of a group
of people
Abraham is remembered as the first
Patriarch
 Beginning of Judaism and their lasting
covenant with God
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Abraham
Jews- the covenant begins with Abraham
 Christians- Good example of what trust
in God should be like
 Muslims-Abraham’s son Ishmael is where
they descended from
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Word Attack
Moses
 Hebrews
 Red Sea
 Ten Commandments
 Torah
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Egypt
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Every year the Nile River Floods
◦ Irrigates the valley
◦ Egyptians are able to grow abundant crops
Hebrews went to Egypt to escape a
famine
 Pharaoh enslaved them
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Moses
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2nd book of the Old Testament or Tanach
◦ Exodus
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Moses was chosen as the leader of the
Hebrews and to deliver them out of
slavery
◦ Hebrew=Jew
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Exodus means the escape
◦ 3200 years ago
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The Exodus is celebrated each year during the
Passover
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More Moses
Moses plead with the Pharaoh to let his
people go.
 Pharaoh ignored Moses
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◦ Plagues 10 of them
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Swarms of Insects
All cattle and livestock died
Nile River turned to blood
Death of the first born
 Pharaoh’s son
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Death of the First Born
All Hebrews were warned
 Smear blood of a lamb on doorposts
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◦ Angel of death would pass them by
Moses told the Hebrews to be ready to
flee
 All of the first born died in the unmarked
homes
 Pharaoh finally acquiesced
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Running Away
The Hebrews weren’t fast enough
 Pharaoh decided he wanted them back
 So he chased them
 All the way to the Red Sea
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The Ten Commandments
Moses called to go to the top of Mount Sinai
 Moses came back with a message
 “Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and
how I bare you on eagles’ wings, and brought
you unto myself. Now therefore, if ye will
harken unto my voice indeed, and keep my
covenant, then ye shall be mine own treasure. . .
For all the earth is mine” Exodus 19:4-5
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The 10 Commandments
The Hebrews agreed to the covenant
 Moses went back up to the mountain
 Given the 10 Commandments
 Placed in a special box
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◦ The Ark of the Covenant
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The Ten Commandments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thou shalt have no
other gods before me
Thou shalt not make
unto thee a graven
images
Thou shalt not take the
name of the Lord thy
God in vain
Remember the Sabbath
day, to keep it holy
Honor thy Father and
Mother
7.
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit
adultery
8.
Thou shalt not steal
9.
Thou shalt not bear
false witness against thy
neighbor
10.
Thou shalt not covet
6.
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How do we remember them
1. None
no other gods
2. Zoo
No graven images
3. Tree
The leaves have veins
Don’t take the Lord’s name in
vain
4. Store
Don’t go to the store on the
Sabbath
5. Drive
You need your parents car
Six shooter
Don’t kill
7.
Heaven
Don’t commit adultery
8. Gate
Gates are made of bars stealing
puts you in prison
9.
Line
Don’t be lyin’
10. Hen
Don’t covet anything
6.
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The Ten Commandments
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The Ten Commandments give basic rules
about how people should treat their
fellow beings and God.
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Additional Commandments
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Moses also brought an additional set of
commandments
◦ Detailed rules about how the Jewish people should
live and worship
◦ The Torah=Books of Moses=Pentateuch
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Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy
Contain what God showed Moses at Mount Sinai
Torah=He taught
Pentateuch=Five Scrolls
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The Torah
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Stories
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Abraham
Moses
Adam and Eve
Noah’s Ark
10 Commandments
Other rules 613 Mitzvah
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Abraham and Moses are the 2 most
important figures in the Torah
 Important in Jewish history
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◦ Abraham—beginning of the covenant
◦ Moses—Led the Jews out of Egypt and taught
them the religion
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Word Attack
Philistine
 Prophet
 Solomon
 Cyrus
 Hanukkah
 Messiah
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Hebrews fought in many wars with the
tribes that lived in Canaan.
 King Saul at war with the Philistines
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◦ Philistine-people of Southern Palestine
◦ 3000 years ago
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David and Goliath
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David
David becomes the king
 Unites all of the tribes
 Captured Jerusalem and made it the
capitol
 Brought peace to the land
 Talented musician.
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23rd Psalm
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The Lord is my Shepherd; I shall not want. He
maketh me to lie down in green pastures: He leadeth
me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul: He
leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for His
name' sake.Yea, though I walk through the valley of
the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: For thou art
with me; Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort
me. Thou preparest a table before me in the
presence of mine enemies; Thou annointest my head
with oil; My cup runneth over. Surely goodness and
mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I
will dwell in the House of the Lord forever.
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Solomon
Son of David
 Builds a temple in Jerusalem
 Solomon Dies
 The kingdom is split
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◦ North—Israel– capital Samaria
◦ South—Kingdom of Judah –Jerusalem
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Northern Kingdom is invaded and most
of the population disappears
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The Southern Kingdom
Judah
 Lasted 150 more years
 Conquered by the King of Babylon
 Destroyed Solomon’s Temple
 Babylonian Captivity
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◦ In exile—remained faithful to the covenant
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The Prophets
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The Jews began to connect God’s fairness with
their expectations of themselves.
God is just and cares for others
God is just and punishes the opposite of caring
The message of the prophets
Prophet
◦ In the Bible, a person who is inspired by God
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The prophets warned that the disasters
that faced the Jewish kingdom were a
punishment from God because of
religious offenses and social injustices
 Prophets pet peeve was the forgetting of
the covenants
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◦ False Idols
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Social Injustices
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Jews were expected to care for others
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Widows
Slaves
Infirm
Disabled
Anyone else who might be in need of aid
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During the time of Solomon
◦ The gap between the rich and poor increased
◦ Solomon used the wealth to build a huge temple for
the Jews to worship
The prophets told the rich that God was angry
because they weren’t taking care of the
needy(Amos 5: 11-14)
 Amos
 Assyria to punish the Jews for their wickedness
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Isaiah
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Isaiah prophesied
◦ God will humble the arrogant kings
◦ All people would see the God of Israel as the
lord of creation
◦ There would be peace on earth
◦ All people would divert their energy to
peaceful activities instead of war.
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The Return to Jerusalem
2500 years ago
 Cyrus
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◦ King of Persia (Iran)
Destroyed the Babylonian Empire
 Allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem
and rebuild the Temple.
 The Jews were able to enjoy self rule
under Persian protection
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Alexander the Great
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2,300 Years ago
◦ Protected the Jews as well
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Other Greek Speaking kings ruled the
Jews for about 200 years
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Hanukkah
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One king wanted to stamp out Judaism
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Antiochus IV
Tried to seize the wealth of the Temple
Tried to make the Jews worship Greek Gods
Insulted the Jews
 Ordered a pig to be sacrificed at the temple
 Pigs were considered impure
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Hanukkah
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The Jews rallied around Judas Maccabeus
and his brothers
◦ Simeon, Eleazar, Jonathan
◦ Fought off king Antiochus IV and his armies
◦ They succeeded and purified the Temple and
restored the worship of God
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Why the Jews celebrate Hanukkah
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8 Days
◦ Following the victory they found one Cruze of oil
that had not been desecrated.
◦ Each cruze was suppose to be enough to light the
eternal flame for 1 day
◦ The cruze lasted 8 days
◦ 8 days was enough time to prepare and consecrate
new oil.
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Hanukkah- means to dedicate
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Judas died in the battle
◦ His family ruled Jerusalem for many
generations
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Roman power took over in Jerusalem
◦ Jews struggled for independence
◦ Regarded God as their ruler, not the Romans
◦ The second temple is destroyed and
Jerusalem is left in ruins
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Hopes for the Messiah
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Isaiah foretold of the Messiah
Messiah- the anointed one; and agent of God
who comes to set things right for God’s people
Messiah=Savior
The Messiah was to free Israel and establish
righteousness around the world
The more the Jews went through the more they
looked forward to the Messiah
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Word Attack
Gospels
 Disciples
 Parables
 Beatitudes
 Crucifixion
 Resurrection
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The Life of Jesus
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Most of what we have about the life of
Jesus was written down by his followers
◦ The New Testament
◦ First four books (the gospels)
 Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
◦ The Gospels
 New Testament books that tell the life story of
Jesus and explain his message
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According to the Gospels
◦ Jesus was not an ordinary man
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Story Time
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John the Baptist
Cousin of Jesus
 Parents Zacharias and Elisabeth
 They were old
 Story Time
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Jesus and John meet up
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John was living in the desert
◦ He ate locusts and honey
◦ He told the people to repent of their sins because
the Messiah was coming.
◦ He baptized those that believed in the Jordan R.
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Jesus comes to John to be baptized.
◦ After he came up from the water
 Spirit of God descended on him like a dove
 A voice from heaven spoke: “This is my beloved Son, in whom
I am well pleased”
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Jesus is Tempted
Jesus went into the desert to pray
 He fasted for 40 days and 40 nights
 While he was fasting he was tempted by
the devil
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◦ Stones to bread
◦ Worship him (Satan) and everything would be
his (Jesus)
◦ Pinnacle of the temple Deut 6:16
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Jesus Leaves the Desert
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Jesus starts to gather a following
◦ Disciples-a follower of Jesus
◦ Teaches publicly for 3 years
◦ These teachings are found in the Gospels
 How to turn to God
 How to live a moral life
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Jesus would teach anywhere
◦ Road sides, lake shores, towns, dinner
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Jesus spent time with anyone
◦ Tax collectors, diseased people and outcasts
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Miracles of Jesus
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Most of them involved curing sick people
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Healing the sick
Restoring sight and hearing
Bringing people back from the dead
Multiplying fish and bread
Miracles were used to benefit someone else
and not to make Jesus famous
 Sometime he was reluctant to do miracles
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Parables
Many times Jesus taught in parables
 Parable
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◦ A brief teaching story designed to make a
moral point
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The Prodigal Son
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Jesus wanted people to pay more attention to
helping their fellow humans than following
correct ritual.
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The Two Great Commandments
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A lawyer asked:
◦ What is the most important of the Torah’s
commandments
◦ This was a subject that was very hotly
debated
◦ No win situation
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The Two Great Commandments
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His answer:
◦ “Thou shalt love Lord thy God with all thy heart, and
with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first
and great commandment. And the second is like unto
it, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself”
Both commandments were in the Torah
 All of the prophets messages were contained in
these two commandments
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Sermon on the Mount
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Matthew 5-7
◦ Beatitudes
 8 types of people that are blessed
◦ How to behave
 “Turn the other cheek”
 Love your friends and your enemies
 The Golden Rule
 “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”
 The Lord’s Prayer
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The Beatitudes
Blessed are the pure in heart,
For they shall see God.
 Blessed are the peacemakers,
For they shall be called sons of God.
 Blessed are you when they revile and persecute
you,
and say all kinds of evil against you falsely for My
sake.
 Blessed are the poor in spirit,
For theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
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Final Days in the Life of Jesus
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Eventually Jesus and His followers went to
Jerusalem
◦ Jerusalem was under Roman control
◦ Pontius Pilate
Jesus knew that there would be trouble
 Celebrates the Passover
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◦ Last Supper
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The Garden of Gethsemane
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Jesus is betrayed by one of his Apostles
◦ Judas Iscariot
 30 pieces of silver for the betrayal
◦ Showed the priests who Jesus was with a kiss
on the cheek
◦ Jesus is arrested.
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Trial
First tried in a religious court of the Jews
 Sent to Pilate
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◦ Condemned Jesus to death for saying that he was the
king of the Jews
 Treason
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Jesus is stripped, whipped and mocked
◦ Placement of a crown of thorns
◦ Nailed to a cross to be crucified
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Crucifixion
A form of execution in which a person is
nailed or tied to a large cross.
 Used frequently by the Romans
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◦ Used for people that were guilty of awful
crimes
Agonizing and Slow death (took days)
 People usually died because their lungs
collapsed.
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Jesus died after a few hours
Some followers took him down and buried him
in a tomb
3 days after his burial his body vanished
Romans announced that the body had been
stolen by the followers of Jesus
The followers of Jesus said that he had risen
from the dead and was exalted to heaven
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Resurrection
Resurrection-to be miraculously brought back
to life
 Believed to have happened to Jesus
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◦ Proves that he was not an ordinary man
◦ Son of God
Followers insisted that he was the Messiah
 Jesus Christ- the anointed one- messiah
 A new covenant had begun.
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Word Attack
Paul
 Epistles
 Atheist
 Perpetua
 Edict of Milan
 Council of Nicea
 Trinity
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77
The Rise of Christianity
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One of the most important teachings of Jesus
was that God wanted everyone to be with him
in his kingdom
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Not a new idea according to Jewish scripture
The time that Isaiah had prophesied about was now
Jesus had begun the work and would return soon
The kingdom is for all of the world
 Not just the Jews
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Immediately after the death of Christ
◦ His followers thought that the end was coming very
soon
◦ Second coming to happen any moment
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Missionary work begins
◦ Work begins with the Jews
 Not to accepting of the idea of Jesus Christ as the Messiah
 Caused many arguments and fights
◦ This is the separation into two religions
◦ Still causes problems today
 Hatred, oppression, and slaughter
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Word Attack
Paul
 Epistles
 Atheist
 Perpetua
 Edict of Milan
 Council of Nicea
 Trinity
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The Spread of Christianity
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Christianity began in Palestine
◦ Followers began to travel and spread the
word as they moved
 Alexandria-Egypt
 Damascus-Syria
 Antioch-Southern Turkey
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Paul
◦ One of the most important early Christians
 Story Time
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Paul
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Saul
◦ Going to Damascus to find and arrest Christians
◦ Flash of Light
◦ Voice
 “Why persecutest thou me”
 “Who art thou”
 “I am Jesus whom thou persecutest”
◦ The voice tells him to continue to Damascus
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The men with Saul didn’t see anything but heard
the voice
 Saul was blind afterward
 Ananias
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◦ Told by the Lord to go to Saul
◦ Ananias was afraid
◦ Ananias laid his hands on Saul and he was healed
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Saul becomes a Christian ---Paul
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Paul the Missionary
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Paul began to preach the Gospel of Christ
◦ Preach means to try and persuade people
Turkey, Syria, Greece
 Successful at convincing the non-jews to believe
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◦ Once a community was established he would move
on
 Epistles
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Epistles
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Epistles
◦ The letters of early Christian leaders that
form part of the New Testament and explain
important Christian teachings
◦ General Epistles
 James; 1st, 2nd Peter; 1-3 John; Jude
◦ Pauline Epistles
 14 of them
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What the Epistles Contain
Advice on how to live good Christian lives
 Reflections on the life of Jesus Christ
 What it means to believe in Jesus Christ
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◦ Sacrifice of Jesus was for all
◦ When you have faith in Christ you are born again
◦ Through baptism you acknowledge faith and become
part of the Christian community
◦ True freedom
◦ Cannot be obtained on our own
◦ Faith is necessary
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The end of Paul
Paul was arrested for disturbing the peace
 Taken back to Rome
 Executed
 Paul is responsible for the spread of
Christianity in the Roman Empire by
setting up Christian communities where
ever he went
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Christianity Becomes a Major
Religion
Early Christians were not well liked by
their contemporaries
 Ideas and practices were thought to be
strange
 Christians were called atheists
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◦ They did not worship the pagan gods
◦ Someone who does not believe in any divine
being
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Views of Christians
◦ Antisocial
◦ Poor Citizens
◦ Others blamed the Christians for everything
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Misfortunes
Droughts
Famines
Military Defeats
◦ Accused of terrible crimes
89
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Christians were persecuted for years by
the Roman Government
◦ They did not worship the Roman gods
◦ Did not see the Emperor as divine
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Many of the Christians were killed or
martyred because of their faith
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Perpetua
Woman
 Noble birth
 Born in Carthage, North Africa
 200 years after Christ
 Perpetua, Felicity and Saturus
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◦ Arrested and condemned to death
◦ Perpetua and Felicity both had infants
◦ No mercy
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They were whipped and killed by wild
beasts in the amphitheater
◦ Entertainment
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Despite persecution the number of
Christians continued to increase.
 Major religion by 3rd and 4th Centuries
 313 Constantine
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◦ Edict of Milan
 The Christian Church can now legally exist in the
Roman Empire
◦ Christian Bishops in Rome Alexandrian and
Atioch
93
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Early Church leaders continued to write
◦ Church Fathers
 Saint Jerome
 Saint Augustine
How does God reveal truth unto us?
 How can we understand the teaching of Jesus
better
 Who is Jesus
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Who is Jesus?
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God
Man
Combination
Both
If he is a God, then are there three Gods?
◦ The Father
◦ Jesus
◦ The Holy Spirit
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Are all three united in one?
95
Answers
Christians relied on their bishops for
answers to those questions
 Differences Arose
 Council of Nicea
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◦ 325 AD
◦ Constantine and the Bishops
◦ Idea of the Trinity Emerges
96
The Trinity
The decision was that Christians should
believe in one God
 Trinity
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◦ Father
◦ Son (Jesus Christ)
◦ Holy Spirit (the power of God in the world)
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Nicene Creed
97
Nicene Creed
98
Christianity Flourishes
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600 AD
Christians had strong leaders
Carefully reasoned beliefs
Faith expressed through music and prayers
Churches arose
It became illegal to be a Pagan
Christianity shapes western civilization for all of
its later history.
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Ideas about God and Humanity
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Jews
◦ Torah
 God reveals himself to human beings
 The laws and commandments are instructions
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Christians
◦ Do not follow the directions of the Torah
 God revealed himself through Jesus Christ
 Following the teachings of Jesus brings eternal life
100
Human Nature
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Both religions teach that humans are in the
image of God
◦ Human life is sacred
Jews believe people can recognize good and
evil and choose between them
 Christians
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◦ Adam and Eve
 Christians can only live a good life through grace
101
Life After Death
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Jews
◦ Disagree among themselves
 Belief in resurrection
 Life after death is essential
 Some look forward to the Messiah
◦ 18 Million
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Christians
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There is life after death
Those who have faith will go to heaven
2nd coming
1/3 of the population
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