Transcript October 2nd and 3rd

Phoenicians, Hebrews, Assyrians, and Kush (Nubians)
OTHER EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
Objectives WHI.3
 Objective:
 The student will be able to
demonstrate knowledge of ancient
river valley civilizations, including
the Phoenician, Hebrew, Kush, and
Persian Civilization, by:
 Locating the civilization in time and
place
 Describing the development of social,
political, and economic patterns,
including slavery
 Explaining the development of
religious traditions
 Explaining the development of
language and writing
 Essential Questions:
 Why did Ancient Civilizations





develop in river valleys?
Where were the earliest civilizations
located?
When did these civilizations exist?
What were the social, political, and
economic characteristics of early
civilizations
What religious traditions developed
in ancient civilizations?
What forms of language and writing
existed in early civilizations?
The Phoenicians (1100 – 842 B.C.E)
 Lived along the
 .
Rise of the Phoenicians
 Became powerful traders after
Minoan’s decline
 Important trading centers
 Byblos, Tyre, Sidon
 City-states situated around
Mediterranean
 Ruled by Kings and powerful
merchant families
 Remarkable shipbuilders and
seafarers
 First to sail beyond Gibraltar
 Believed to sail to Britain, possibly
Americas and around Africa
 Trade
 Purple dye
 Traded goods from other lands:
wine, weapons, precious metal,
glass, and ivory
The Alphabet
 Merchants needed a way to
record transactions
 Developed a writing system that
used symbols to represent sounds
 Adopted by many cultures such as the
Greeks
 Phonetic
 One sign used for one sound
 Alpha/beth = alphabet
 Enormous contribution
End of the Phoenicians
 Captured by Assyrians 842
B.C.E.
 City-states like Carthage in
North Africa survived
 Later dominated by
Babylonians, and then
Persians
 Conquerors recognized
shipbuilding and seafaring
skills
Ancient Trade Routes
 Mediterranean connected
to Asia through land
routes
 Crossed Central Asia
through Afghanistan to get
to India
 Sea routes
 Arabian Sea connected to
Persian Gulf
 Used Monsoon winds to cross
Arabian Sea
 Networks important,
ensured exchange of
products and information
 Carried goods, ideas,
religious beliefs, art, and
ways of living
 Phoenicians diffused
alphabet and other
important contributions
ORIGINS OF JUDAISM
Search for the Promised Land
 Phoenicians not the only
civilization to live in area
later called Palestine
 The Hebrews settle in
Canaan
 Ancient Palestine/ Phoenicia
trading crossroads
 Between the Jordan River and
Mediterranean
 Believed land was promised to
them by God
From Ur to Egypt
• Torah
– First five books of Hebrew Bible
– Most sacred writings
– Christian “Old Testament”
– Contains events that happened and
stories
• Abraham
– God chose him to be father of the
Hebrew people
– God commanded him to move his
people to Canaan
– Around 2000 B.C.E. moved to
Canaan
– Around 1650 B.C.E. moved to Egypt
A New Religion
• Monotheistic
– First monotheistic civilization
– Three aspects of Judaism:
• Covenant, law, and prophets
• God: Yahweh
– Had power over not only
Hebrews but all people
everywhere
– Omnipotent
– Just and good
– Hebrews asked for protection
against enemies
• God did because of the covenant
between him and Abraham
• Hebrews migrated to Egypt
because of famine and
drought
•
Hebrews coexist with
Egyptians peacefully at first
Later forced into slavery
•
• Hebrews fled Egypt
between 1500- 1200 B.C.E.
– Called the Exodus
–
Led by Moses
A New Covenant
• Mount Sinai
– Moses climbed and prayed
– God spoke to him, gave him Ten
Commandments
• Became basis of religious laws in
Judaism
• Based on idea God is just, required
high moral conduct
• Return to Canaan
– Hebrews wandered for forty years
– Return to Canaan after Moses’ death
– Changed from nomadic to settled
farmers and city dwellers
– Learned technology from Palestine
Kingdom of Israel
• After Canaan arrival
– Organized into twelve tribes
• Self-governing, independent
• Geography
– Harsh features
• Arid desert, Jordan River,
Grassy Hills, dry hot Valleys
– Plentiful water sources
• Saul and David
– Philistines threatened Hebrews
– One large tribe called Judah
(Judaism)
– 1020- 922 B.C.E. Hebrews united
under three kings:
• Saul, David, and Solomon
– New kingdom called Israel
• 100 years of independence and
power
• Jerusalem was capital
King Solomon
 962 B.C.E.
 Solomon succeeds his
father David as King

Most powerful of Hebrew
Kings
• Height of Israelite power
• Known for his wisdom
–
Built trading empire
–
Beautified capital of
Jerusalem
• Builds Temple of Solomon
– Home for the Ark of the Covenant
– Built to glorify God
– Not large but beautiful, inside
covered in gold
Kingdom Divides
• Solomon’s building
projects a problem
– Needs money = more taxes
– Men forced to work on
temple 1 of every 3 months
• Discontent and Split
– After Solomon’s death, Jews
in the north split from those
in south
– North= Israel, South= Judah
• 200 years of confusion, battles,
and prosperity
• Babylonian Captivity
– 725 B.C.E. Assyrians
attacked Israel
– Judah resisted for 150 years
• City fell to Nebuchadnezzar
586 B.C.E
• Destroys Solomon’s temple,
enslaves Hebrews and deports
them to Babylon
• 539 B.C.E. Cyrus the Great
releases Hebrews
– Return to Jerusalem and rebuild
city and Temple
Assyrians
 Beginning 850 B.C.E.
Assyrian amassed an
empire
 Came from the northern
part of Mesopotamia
 Had to become aggressive
due to terrain disadvantage
 Spread down through
Palestine into Egypt
Assyrians
 Led by King Sennacrib
 Society glorified military
strength
 advanced military planning
and technical skill
 Used iron technology
 Great efficiency at
organizing conquered
territories into an empire
 Built beautiful capital at
Nineveh
 Had a library of 25,000 clay
tablets thanks to King
Ashurbanipal
Fall of the Assyrians
 Causes
 Empire spread itself too thin
 Cruelty of Kings
 Ninevah destroyed in 612
B.C.E. by the Chaldeans
Empire of Kush (Nubia)
Kush (Nubians)
 Location
 Between the 1st cataract and
the separation of the White
and Blue Nile
 South of Egypt
 Connection between
Egypt and Nubia
 Egypt ruled Nubia
 Diffused Egyptian culture
 Religion, customs, writing
Kush (Nubians)
 The Golden Age of Meroe
 Kushites moved south for
protection to Meroe
 Thrived on natural resources
and became wealthy
 Became center of iron weapons
and tools
 Became a major trader with
India and Arabia
 linked trade routes between the
Mediterranean and the Red Sea
 Guardians of Egyptian
values
 Decline of Meroe
 Challenged by new
empires to the South
between 250 B.C.E. and
150 C.E.
Objectives WHI.3
 Objective:
 The student will be able to
demonstrate knowledge of ancient
river valley civilizations, including
the Phoenician, Hebrew, and Kush
Civilization, by:
 Locating the civilization in time and
place
 Describing the development of social,
political, and economic patterns,
including slavery
 Explaining the development of
religious traditions
 Explaining the development of
language and writing
 Essential Questions:
 Why did Ancient Civilizations





develop in river valleys?
Where were the earliest civilizations
located?
When did these civilizations exist?
What were the social, political, and
economic characteristics of early
civilizations
What religious traditions developed
in ancient civilizations?
What forms of language and writing
existed in early civilizations?