Transcript ewish and Christian Faith - South Kitsap School District

Classification of Judaism
• Ethnic
• Ranked 5th
• 14 million
followers
The Jewish Hearth/Core
Hearth: It emerged 30004000 years ago in the Near
East, in Mesopotamia
(Sumerian, Babylonia,
Assyria, Jerusalem, and
Shechem)
• Current day Israel
Core: Israel-2nd largest
US largest population
Diffusion
• Relocation Diffusion
• The religion spread north
to Southern and Eastern
Europe and east into Asia
Important Jewish Events in
History (cont.)
• Exodus from Egypt
– Forced to build temples,
sphinx and other things for
pharaoh
• Held strong together to
keep faith and not follow
the beliefs and many gods
of the pharaohs
– Moses freed them by
unleashing Gods 10 plagues
upon Egypt
– Led to the promised land
where they lived for 40 years
without conflict
Important Jewish Events in
History
• Holocaust
– World War II (Hitler,
Germany)Jews were forced
out of towns to live in
ghetto’s or work in
concentration camps
– Causing diaspora a
dispersion of a people from
their original homeland
– Resulting in the spread of
Judaism to other parts of the
world (ie. United States)
Symbols of Judaism
Menorah
*Oldest symbol of Jewish faith (7 branches)
*Said to be "a light unto the nations"
*Today's 9 -branched menorah commemorates
miracle that a day's worth of oil lasted 8 days
Central Beliefs
• Kosher (Derived from Hebrew word
Kaf-Shin-Resh, meaning fit, proper,
correct)
• Kosher Laws/rules :
– 1) Certain animals may not be
eaten at all. This restriction
includes the flesh, organs, eggs,
and milk of the forbidden
animals (camel, rock badger,
hare, pig)
– 2) Of the animals that may be
eaten, the birds and mammals
must be killed in accordance with
Jewish law:
• a)All blood must be drained
from the meat or broiled out
of it before it is eaten
b)Certain
parts of permitted animals may
not be eaten
c)
Meat (the flesh of birds and mammals)
cannot be eaten with dairy. Fish, eggs,
fruits, vegetables, and grains can be eaten
with either meat or dairy
d)
Utensils that have come into contact
with meat may not be used with dairy, and
vice versa. Utensils that have come into
contact with non-Kosher food may not be
used with kosher food. This applies only
where the contact occurred while the food
was hot
e)
Grape products made by non-Jewish
people may not be eaten
Role
of
Women
* The Torah: both men and women have covenant with god however, the covenant was
worded in such a way that it bound men to act upon its requirements and to ensure that the
members of their household (wives, children, and slaves) met these requirements as well. In
this sense, the covenant bound women as well, though indirectly.[1]
•Marriage and family law in biblical times favored men over women. A husband could
divorce a wife if he chose to, but a wife could not divorce a husband without his consent
• Laws concerning the loss of female virginity have no male equivalent. These and other
gender differences found in the Torah suggest that women were subordinate to men during
biblical times, however, they also suggest that biblical society viewed continuity, property, and
family unity as paramount. However, men had specific obligations they were required to
perform for their wives. These included the provision of clothing, food, and sexual relations to
their wives.[2]
•Women also had a role in ritual life. Women and men were required to make a pilgrimage
to the temple in Jerusalem once a year and offer the Passover sacrifice.
•Women depended on men economically. Women generally did not own property except in
the rare case of inheriting land from a father who didn't bear sons. Even "in such cases, women
would be required to remarry within the tribe so as not to reduce its land holdings."[1]
Places of Worship
• Cultural Landscape: subtle & unobtrusive
• The Synagogue
Chief institution:
– provides religious, educational, cultural and social programs
– mid to large communities will have more than one congregation
– Children learn through religious classes and youth groups
– annual financial commitment (dues) to synagogue
– congregation open to all
– Primary means of connectedness
Sacred Space: Wailing Wall
(Western Wall)
• Holiest spot in Jewish life
• Rome destroyed it in 70 C. E.
and only the outer wall
remained
• Tension with Muslims because
of two mosques
• Custom of inserting written
prayers into cracks
• Attempt to level mosques
would lead to an international
holy war
Burial Practice
• Jewish Death Rituals
according to Jewish law
– The body of the deceased is
washed thoroughly
– embalming is not permitted,
the coffins are constructed so
that the body will be returned
to the Earth as soon as possible.
– coffins are made of pine wood, and
have no metal parts at all (wooden
pegs are used in the place of nails
ceased is buried in a simple pine coffin)
-mourning for 3 days
Christianity
Practice of Christianity
•
Universalizing
• Christianity ranks #1
• 33% practice
Christianity (2.1
billion)
Diffusion
° Hearth:
Western Church- Rome
was center (hierarchical
to rural, (contagious
expansion in Europe) …
then by relocation &
expansion to European
colonies
Fall of Rome divided
church into Eastern &
Western
Christianity in the World Today
• North America - Protestant(Canada & US) and
Catholic (Mexico)
• Central and South America - Catholic
• Most European countries - Orthodox (E. Europe),
Catholic (South), and Protestant (North & Central)
• Some Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia Protestant
• Russian- Eastern Orthodox
Routes of Diffusion
Beliefs of Roman Catholicism
• There is one God
• Though God is one God, God exists in three
distinct persons: God the Father, the Son of God
(Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. This is called
the Trinity.
• Jesus Christ was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, was
resurrected, and will come again to judge humanity to determine how
they spend eternity, whether in Heaven or Hell
• There is one true church
• Baptism is required for the forgiveness of sins
• All humankind will be resurrected (brought back to life after being
dead)
Beliefs of Eastern Orthodoxy
• There are three Divine Persons in
God, distinct yet equal (similar to
Trinity)
• There are seven Sacraments
• God assigned to every man an
angel to help guide him
• Veneration of icons is
worshipping the people they
represent, not the icons themselves
• God knows which road a man will
take, but does not predestinate
Him
Virgin Mary in Orans pose
Beliefs of Protestantism
•
There are 4 fundamental beliefs:
• Christ alone: Only Christ is the mediator between
God and man. (Other religions teach that Mary,
priests, etc. can mediate between God and man.)
• Scripture alone: The Bible is the only rule of faith,
and personal interpretation is as valid as official
interpretation.
• Faith alone: Every believer is a priest and obtains
reconciliation with God through faith in Jesus Christ
and no other.
• Grace alone: Salvation is a gift from God dispensed
through Jesus Christ, regardless of merit, for no one
deserves salvation. (Works, whether good or bad, have
no effect.)
Note: beliefs within Orthodoxy and Protestant churches
vary because neither church has a central authority.
Religious symbols
• Christianity has many
religious symbols for its
multiple sects, but
common symbols include
the crucifix, the ichtus,
and the Bible. The
appearance of these items
varies from sect to sect.
Role of Women
•
Early Christians were a patriarchal societies that placed men in
positions of authority in marriage, society and government. According
to the New Testament, Christ appointed only male apostles. From
early centuries, women were not ordained to the priesthood (There
are no female cardinals or bishops)
• Christianity developed the convent, through which women, as
religious sisters and nuns could be active—particularly in the
establishment of schools, hospitals, nursing homes and monastic
settlements.
• Modern Protestants are becoming more relaxed and we see female
pastors, but most high level positions are reserved for males.
Cultural Landscape/Places of
Worship=Churches
Protestant- very plain,
house of worship
Catholic- very grandios, god
resides in cathedral… should
instill fear
Orthodoxvery bright, ornate
St. Basil Cathedral, Moscow
St.Peters Church, Ireland
Burial Practices
• buried
• headstones may include crosses or
verses from the Bible.
• historically, the head should be placed
at the western end of the grave, this
mirrors the layout of Christian churches
and for the same reason, to view the
coming of Christ
Islam
Classification of Islam
• Universalizing
* Ranked 2nd largest
• An estimated 1.25 billion
adherents worldwide
• Islam is the current fastest
growing population
– Asia has the highest number
of Muslims
Diffusion
• Expansion diffusion to most of
Central Asia, northern India and
northern Africa
– Went into northern India
where Hinduism wasn’t
present
• Relocation diffusion into
Indonesia, Southern Africa and
the Western Hemisphere
– Core Saudi Arabia, Egypt,
Iran
Geography
History
570 A.D. –Mohammed the profit was born into a trading family of the
Kuraish tribe in Mecca.
613 A.D. – Mohammed began preaching in Mecca
622 A.D. – Mohammed fled Mecca to Medina and the calendar began
624 A.D. – Mohammed and his followers began a war against Mecca.
632 A.D. – Mohammed dies on June 8th*
Beliefs
•
There is one god- Allah
–
•
•
Mohammed the Prophet is said to have
completed the work of Moses, David
and Jesus
Surrendering to the will of Allah united
the faithful into a brotherhood that has
no concern with race, color, or caste
–
•
•
•
In Arabic, Allah means “the god”
Caste- social level, occupation
The five pillars leads to a completed
life
The Qur’an is the holy book
The mosque is the holy place to
worship
The Qur’an
•
•
Was reveled to Mohammed through the Angel Gabriel
in a vision while Mohammed was meditating.
The different books:
–
–
–
–
–
–
The Zabur – the psalms of David
The Tawrat – the Torah of Moses
The Injil – the gospels of Jesus
The Suhufi Ibrahim – the scrolls of Abraham
The Hadith – what the prophet Mohammed said and did
The Suhrah – the rules and regulations of the Islamic life
• Also contains the beliefs and practices for everyday
Five Pillars
• The five pillars are the central
belief of the Islamic life and
how they should live.
– Shanadah – the declaration
of faith to Allah
– Salat – Prayers five times
daily
– Zakat – Welfare
contributions to the poor
– Sawm –The month of
Ramadan fast
– Hajj - A Pilgrimage to
Mecca once in a lifetime
Shi’ites vs. Sunnis
• The Shiites believed in the
fourth caliph, the son-in-law of
the prophet
• Some of their enforcers:
–
–
–
–
Ethna Ashari
Ja’fari
Ismaeli
Druze
• The Sunnis hold the majority of
the Islamic population.
• They claim that they are
Mohammed's rightful
successors
• Recognize first 4 caliphs
• Prominent in countries except
Iraq, Iran, Bahrain, and some of
Yemen
• Some of their enforcers are:
–
–
–
–
Maliki
Hanabali
Shafi’ie
Hanafi
Role of women
*While neither the Qur'an nor the Hadith specifies separate roles for female believers, Islamic
law (Sharia) and practice recognize gender disparity, in part, by assigning separate rights and
obligations.
•In many Islamic societies, a woman’s space is in the private of the home, and a man’s is in
the public sphere.
•Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are
financial and administrative stewards of their families.
• According scholarly analysis, the Qur'an "gives the man the right of 'guardianship' or
'superiority' over the family structure in order to prevent dissension and friction between the
spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favored the man with the
necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to
provide for the structure's upkeep."
Cultural Landscape/Places of
Worship
• The Mosque is the place of
worship
• It is also the community club
house, meeting hall, and school
• On Fridays, it is mandatory for
all males to visit for a
communal service
• Is made with:
– Perfectly proportioned
domes (tiled or gilded)
– Tall towers
– Minarets- call to prayer and
• The more minarets, the
higher the status of the
mosque
Sacred places
Mecca:where
Muhammad was
born
Ka’ba in Mecca, Saudi Araia:In
the southeastern corner of the
Kaaba is the "Black Stone," an
object which Muslims believe was
given to Abraham by the angel
Gabriel.
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: where Muhammad
ascended into heaven in order to receive God's
commandments.
Burial Practices
• Muslims practice natural burial, with the
deceased's body covered in shroud and with
the face facing Mecca, the holiest city in
Islam