Transcript Chapter 10 * 1B

Chapter 10
Egypt
Ancient Egypt | Travel Wish." Travel Wish |
Travel Locations | Travel Destinations | Travel
Attractions. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.
<http://travellingwish.com/2008/11/23/ancientegypt/>.
Objective
• Discuss the ancient Egyptians’
achievements.
• Pharaoh – ruler of ancient Egypt
• Hieroglyphics – form of writing that uses
signs and symbols
• Papyrus – Egyptian paper
This is the bust of the famous
Egyptian Queen Nefertiti.
Boehm, Richard G. The World and Its People. New York: Glencoe/McGrawHill, 2005. Print.
Hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics were
a complicated form
of picture writing.
The way to read it
was lost and it was
a mystery for
perhaps thousands
of years.
Hieroglyphics
Later
hieroglyphics
became more
symbolic and
was known
as demotic.
Pharaoh
Tutankhamen is only famous because his
grave was found in the 20th century.
Pharaoh Hound and Pharaoh Ant
As you can see this hound
resembles the Anubis shown in
ancient pictures.
I have no clue why the ant is called
the Pharaoh ant. But I did discover
a female can lay 400 eggs in her
lifetime!
Papyrus has lots of uses, other than
paper
Think you are having a bad day?
• It could be worse!
• The Nile, the
world’s longest
river, flows north
4,160 miles from
the mountains of
East Africa to the
Mediterranean
Sea. The last 600
miles are in
Egypt.
Nile River
Nile Delta
• Egypt was called the “gift of the Nile
because Egyptians depended on the Nile
for their livelihood.
• In Egypt’s earliest history two
kingdoms formed along the Nile
River. About 3,100 B.C. a king
of Upper Egypt called Narmer
moved north and conquered
Lower Egypt, uniting the two
kingdoms.
This is supposedly
Narmer.
• The pharaoh owned all of
the land in Egypt, and he
gave gifts of land to rich
Egyptians and priests. He
had dams and irrigation
canals built and repaired.
He chose government
officials to gather taxes and
carry out his orders. He
also commanded the
armies.
M
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Egyptians embalmed the dead because
they believed in an afterlife, but that the
soul could not exist without the body.
• This was a process in
which priests first
removed certain
organs from the body.
Then they slowly dried
the body to prevent if
from decaying.
There were
four canopic
jars displays in
the tombs,
each jar
contained
different
human parts:
liver, lungs,
intestines and
the stomach.
Next the embalmed
body was wrapped in
long strips of linen. The
wrapped body was
known as a mummy.
The mummies of the
poor were buried in
caves and those of the
rich in coffins and
sometimes in elaborate
tombs.
Mummies
The ancient
Egyptians didn’t
have to go to all
that trouble to
mummify a body.
This is Ginger, a
mummy at the
British museum that
was found in the
sands of Egypt. No
mummification
ritual was done. Its
called Ginger
because of the
color of the hair.
Mummies
• The pyramids were tombs.
Valley of the Kings. There
are over 80 smaller
pyramids here.
Pyramids at Giza
• The Great Sphinx is a statue with the body
of a lion and a human head. It is located
at Giza.
The Great Sphinx face is that
of King Khafre of the 4th
Dynasty .(maybe…maybe
not!!)
The damage done
to the face of the
Sphinx was done
in 1380 by Arab
sheiks and later
by soldiers from
Napoleon's army
who used it for
target practice.
Erosion has also
damaged it.
• Hatsheptsut was the first female pharaoh. She expanded
trade.
• Born in the 15th century BC, Hatshepsut, daughter of
Tuthmose I and Aahmes, both of royal lineage, was the
favorite of their three children. When her two brothers
died, she was in the unique position to gain the throne
upon the death of her father.
All the pharaohs look much the
same because of the stylized art
used by the Egyptians for
centuries.
To have a female pharaoh was
unprecedented. When Thutmosis I
passed away, his son by a commoner,
Thutmosis II, technically ascended the
throne. For the few years of his reign,
however, Hatshepsut seems to have
held the reins.
• From markings on his mummy,
archaeologists believe
Thutmosis II had a skin
disease, and he died after
ruling only three or four years.
Hatsheptsut
Hatshepsut ruled for 20 years.
She had a magnificent threetiered temple built for herself.
"Ancient Egypt | Travel Wish." Travel Wish | Travel Locations | Travel
Destinations | Travel Attractions. Web. 25 Apr. 2011.
<http://travellingwish.com/2008/11/23/ancient-egypt/>.
She appeared in
public as a man, with
a fake beard. She
didn’t remarry, but
her architect was her
“special” friend and
he was buried in a
secret chamber
underneath her own
burial chamber.
After her death, her successor,
Thutmose III did all he could to erase
her memory from Egypt; he had her
monuments destroyed and thrown in a
pit and her name scratched off all
monuments and documents.
Hatsheptsut’s temple was vandalized and buried in the sand for
centuries before being found and excavated.
• The Egyptians used a number system
based on ten. They also used fractions and
whole numbers. They developed geometry
to survey, or measure land.
• The Rosetta stone was a very old stone
tabled found by French soldiers. It had the
same message in three languages. Since
scientists could read the first two
languages it enabled them to translate the
hieroglyphics.
Rosetta Stone at British Museum
I have no idea who this man
is….I just found this picture that
helped show the size of the
Rosetta Stone.
Mummification
• The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small
pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand
dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and
natural 'mummies'.
Mummification
Later, the ancient Egyptians
began burying their dead in
coffins to protect them from
wild animals in the desert.
However, they realized that
bodies placed in coffins
decayed when they were not
exposed to the hot, dry sand
of the desert.
Mummification
• First, the body is taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the
'place of purification'. There the embalmers wash his
body with good-smelling palm wine and rinse it with
water from the Nile.
Mummification
• One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the left side
of the body and removes many of the internal organs. It
is important to remove these because they are the first
part of the body to decompose.
Mummification
• The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and
packed in natron (a natural salt) which will dry them
out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is
the center of intelligence and feeling and the man will
need it in the afterlife
Mummification
• A long hook is used to smash the brain and pull it out
through the nose.
Mummification
• The body is now covered and stuffed with natron which
will dry it out. All of the fluids, and rags from the
embalming process will be saved and buried along with
the body.
Mummification
After forty days the body is washed again with water
from the Nile. Then it is covered with oils to help the
skin stay elastic.
Mummification
The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust,
leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike.
Finally the body is covered again with good-smelling oils. It
is now ready to be wrapped in linen. Organs are placed
in canopic jars.
Wrapping the mummy
First the head and neck are
wrapped with strips of fine
linen. Then the fingers and
the toes are individually
wrapped.
The arms and legs are
wrapped separately. Between
the layers of wrapping, the
embalmers place amulets to
protect the body in its
journey through the
underworld.
Wrapping the mummy
• The arms and legs are
tied together. A
papyrus scroll with
spells from the Book
of the Dead is placed
between the wrapped
hands.
• More linen strips are
wrapped around the
body. At every layer,
the bandages are
painted with liquid
resin that helps to glue
the bandages together.
Final Steps
• A cloth is wrapped around the
body and a picture of the god
Osiris is painted on its surface
• Finally, a large cloth is
wrapped around the entire
mummy.
• A board of painted wood is
placed on top of the mummy
before the mummy is lowered
into its coffin. The first coffin
is then put inside a second
coffin.
Temple Entrance
Daily Life - Food
• Bread and beer were the main foods for
many people in Egypt.
• Bread was made from a grain called
emmer-wheat.
• As the wheat was ground into a flour,
small bits of stone and sand often got
mixed in and made the bread hard to
chew.
Daily Life - Food
• The teeth of many skeletons that remain
from the time are worn down from eating
the bread.
• Beer was made from emmer-barley and
was much thicker and more nutritious
than the beer that is made now and was
considered more of a food than a drink.
• http://www.clevelandart.org/kids/egypt/roseff.html#pyramids
Bread and Beer Making
Bread- and beermaking
Model from the tomb
of Mentuhotep II
Animals
'Man's best friend' was
considered not just as a
family pet, but was also
used for hunting, or for
guard duty, from the
earliest periods of Egyptian
history.
Pet dogs were well looked
after, given names such as
'Blackey' or 'Brave One', and
often provided with elaborate
leather collars.
This is the mummy of a dog
who was probably a royal pet;
it was found in a royal tomb in
the Valley of the Kings.
Animals
Cats were kept to protect food
stores from rats, mice and
snakes, and were kept as pets.
They are shown in paintings
beneath their owners' chairs, or
on their laps.
Egyptian cats resembled
modern tabby cats. The
Egyptian word for cat is 'miw‘.
Cat Mummy
Cats also had a
symbolic or religious
meaning, as
represented by the
goddess Bastet, and
in later periods of
Egyptian history cat
mummies were used
as offerings to the
gods.
Ramesses – Most Famous King
• Ramesses ruled for 67 years.
• He had 50 sons and 50 daughters…and
many….many….wives.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ramesses_03.shtml